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AGRIC OBJ
01-10: CABDBDDABC
11-20: DADABABBDB
21-30: BDCACABBDC
31-40: BCDACBDCCD
41-50: DCCACBBCAD
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INSTRUCTION: ANSWER FIVE(5) QUESTIONS ONLY
(1a)
Poor storage and processing facilities
(ii) Inadequate transportation infrastructure
(iii) Pests and diseases
(iv) Climatic factors suc as Droughts, floods, and irregular rainfall patterns
(v) Low level of technology
(vi) Political instability and conflict
(1b)
(i) National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (NAERLS) – Nigeria
(ii) Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA) – Ghana
(iii) Agricultural Development Projects (ADPs) – Nigeria
(iv) National Agricultural Research Institutes – Found in various countries
(1ci)
(i) Ploughing: Breaking and turning the soil to prepare it for planting
(ii) Harrowing: Further breaking down the soil to make it fine and even
(iii) Ridging: Forming ridges for planting crops like yam and maize
(1cii)
High cost of tractors: Tractors are expensive and often beyond the financial reach of smallholder farmers
(ii) Lack of credit facilities: Many farmers do not have access to loans or grants to buy farm machinery
(iii) Poor maintenance services: Inadequate servicing and repair facilities discourage tractor use
(iv) Inadequate technical know-how: Some farmers lack the training to operate and maintain tractors
(v) Small landholdings: Fragmented farms are not suitable for large machinery like tractors
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(2a)
(i) Soil Erosion: Nutrients are lost when the topsoil, which contains most of the soil’s nutrients, is removed by wind or water. Erosion exposes less fertile subsoil and reduces the soil’s ability to support healthy plant growth.
(ii) Crop Harvesting: When crops are harvested, the nutrients absorbed by the plants are removed from the field along with the harvested parts. Continuous cropping without replenishing the soil leads to nutrient depletion.
(iii) Leaching: Excessive rainfall or irrigation can cause nutrients, especially soluble ones like nitrogen, to be washed down beyond the reach of plant roots. This process, called leaching, makes nutrients unavailable to crops.
(iv) Lack of Crop Rotation: Growing the same crop repeatedly on the same land depletes specific nutrients that the crop uses most. Without rotation or fallow periods, the soil becomes exhausted of those essential nutrients.
(2bi)
(i) Improves soil fertility
(ii) Enhances soil structure
(iii) Reduces soil erosion
(2bii)
(i) High labor requirements
(ii) Competes with main crops
(iii) Potential for weediness
(2c)
(i) Prevents Soil Erosion: Forests help anchor the soil with their roots, reducing the risk of erosion and maintaining soil fertility.
(ii) Protects Biodiversity: Forests are home to many plant and animal species; deforestation leads to loss of habitat and threatens biodiversity.
(iii) Regulates Climate: Trees absorb carbon dioxide and help regulate the climate. Deforestation increases greenhouse gases and contributes to climate change.
(iv) Maintains Water Cycle: Forests play a crucial role in the water cycle by promoting rainfall and maintaining water quality. Deforestation can lead to reduced rainfall and water shortages.
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(3a)
TABULATE PLEASE
=DISEASE=
(i) Maize smut
(ii) Damping off of tomato
=CAUSAL ORGANISM=
(i) Ustilago maydis
(ii) Pythium aphanidermatum (also Rhizoctonia spp., Fusarium spp.)
=ONE SYMPTOM=
(i) Formation of tumorous galls on ears, tassels, or leaves
(ii) Seedlings collapse at the soil line and die
=ONE PREVENTIVE/CONTROL MEASURE=
(i) Remove and destroy galls before they mature; use resistant varieties; avoid plant injury
(ii) Use sterilized soil and containers; treat seeds with fungicide; avoid overwatering
(3bi)
(i) Causes physical damage to plants.
(ii) Increases water loss through evaporation.
(iii) Spreads pests and diseases.
(iv) Leads to soil erosion.
(3bii)
(i) Needed for photosynthesis.
(ii) Low light reduces growth and yield.
(iii) Excess light can damage leaves.
(iv) Influences flowering and fruiting.
(3c)
(i) Logging for timber and wood products.
(ii) Clearing forests for agricultural expansion (both subsistence and commercial farming).
(iii) Mining activities that require clearing large areas of forest.
(iv) Infrastructure development such as road construction and urban expansion.
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(4ai)
Cotton is usually propagated using seeds. Certified, high-yielding, and disease-resistant seeds are recommended for planting to ensure good germination and healthy crop development.
(4aii)
Cotton is typically spaced at 75 cm between rows and 30–45 cm within rows. Proper spacing ensures good air circulation, reduces disease incidence, and allows adequate sunlight penetration for healthy growth.
(4aiii)
(i) SAMCOT 9
(ii) SAMCOT 10
(4aiv)
Cotton is harvested when the bolls are fully open and the lint (fiber) is fluffy and dry. Harvesting can be done manually by hand-picking or mechanically using cotton harvesters. It is best done during dry weather to avoid damage to the lint.
(4av)
(i) Bollworm: It bores into cotton bolls and damages the lint.
(ii) Aphids: These sap-sucking insects weaken the plants and spread diseases.
(4avi)
(i) Textile industry: Cotton lint is used for making clothes, beddings, and other fabric materials.
(ii) Cottonseed oil: Extracted from cottonseeds and used in cooking and industrial applications.
(4b)
(i) Higher yield: New varieties often produce more fruit per plant.
(iii) Disease resistance: Improved varieties may be resistant to common banana diseases like Panama disease.
(iii) Shorter maturity period: Some new varieties mature faster, allowing quicker harvests.
(iv) Better adaptability: They may be suited to local soil and climate conditions.
(v) Improved fruit quality: Enhanced taste, size, shelf life, and appearance for market advantage.
(4c)
(i) Feeding: Provide layers with balanced poultry feed regularly to ensure optimal egg production.
(ii) Watering: Supply clean, fresh water at all times to maintain hydration and health.
(iii) Removal of droppings: Clean the cage frequently to prevent disease outbreak and maintain hygiene.
(iv) Health care: Administer vaccines and medications to prevent and control diseases.
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(5ai)
(i) It prevents animals from straying out of the grazing area.
(ii) It protects pasture from trespassers and thieves.
(iii) It helps in controlling and rotating grazing areas.
(5aii)
(i) It prevents overgrazing and allows pasture to regenerate.
(ii) It maintains soil structure and fertility.
(iii) It ensures animals get enough grass to stay healthy.
(5b)
(i) Culling:
Culling is the process of removing animals that are unproductive, diseased, aged, or have undesirable traits from the breeding or production stock. This improves the overall productivity and genetic quality of the herd or flock.
(ii) Dehorning:
Dehorning is the removal of horns from livestock, especially cattle, to prevent injuries to other animals or handlers. It makes handling easier, reduces fighting among animals, and prevents damage to facilities.
(iii) Castration:
Castration is the removal or destruction of the testicles of male animals to prevent reproduction. It helps in controlling breeding, reduces aggression in males, and improves meat quality, especially in animals like pigs and cattle.
(5c)
(i) Select healthy and viable seeds for planting.
(ii) Pre-germinate seeds by soaking and keeping them in a warm place.
(iii) Sow germinated seeds in small nursery bags with rich soil.
(iv) Water and weed regularly to support growth.
(v) Apply fertilizers to boost seedling development.
(vi) Transplant seedlings to bigger bags or main nursery after 3–4 months.
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(6a)
(i) Farm Inventory
Farm inventory refers to a detailed list of all the assets and resources available on a farm at a given time. This includes livestock, crops, machinery, equipment, feed, seeds, fertilizers, and other materials owned by the farm.
(ii) Depreciation
Depreciation is the reduction in the value of a farm asset over time due to wear and tear, usage, age, or obsolescence. It is used to calculate the current value of assets and for accounting purposes.
(iii) Liability
Liability in farm management refers to the debts or financial obligations that a farm owes to others. This can include loans, unpaid bills, mortgages, or any other money that must be paid by the farm.
(iv) Salvage Value
Salvage value is the estimated residual value of a farm asset at the end of its useful life. It is the amount the asset can be sold for after it is no longer useful for its original purpose.
(6bi)
The law of supply states that, all other things being equal, the quantity of a good supplied increases as the price increases, and decreases as the price decreases.
(6bii)
(i) Weather conditions: Poor weather can reduce supply
(ii) Cost of production: High input costs can reduce supply
(iii) Availability of technology: Improved technology can increase supply by making production more efficient.
(6c)
(i) Some weeds are toxic and can poison farm animals if eaten.
(ii) Weeds can reduce the quality and quantity of available pasture for grazing.
(iii) Certain weeds can cause injuries (like thorns or burrs) to animals.
(iv) Weeds may harbor pests and diseases that can affect animals.
(v) Dense weed growth can make it difficult for animals to move and graze freely.
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