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GOVERNMENT OBJ
01-10: CADBCAAADA
11-20: CAADABBDCB
21-30: BBCBBBBBAB
31-40: CCADBAABCA
41-50: DCAABADCAC
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SECTION A; ANSWER TWO(2) QUESTIONS ONLY
(1)
(i) Political Education:
Political parties educate citizens about their rights, political ideologies, policies, and governance structures. By organizing rallies, debates, and publishing manifestos, they enlighten voters and promote political awareness, which is essential for an informed electorate in a democratic setting.
(ii) Representation of Interests:
Political parties serve as a bridge between the government and the people by representing diverse interests in society. They articulate and aggregate citizens’ views into policy proposals, ensuring that different segments of the population have a voice in governance.
(iii) Recruitment of Leaders:
They help in the recruitment and grooming of political leaders. Through internal party primaries and nomination processes, parties select candidates who contest elections, thereby ensuring the continuity of leadership and democratic governance.
(iv) Ensuring Accountability:
Parties in opposition play a watchdog role by scrutinizing government actions, exposing corruption, and demanding transparency. This strengthens checks and balances, making elected officials more accountable to the people.
(v) Facilitating Peaceful Change of Government:
By participating in elections, political parties provide a peaceful means for transferring power. This reduces the likelihood of violence or military intervention, thereby reinforcing democratic norms and political stability.
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(2)
(i) Informing the Public:
The media keeps citizens informed about government policies, public affairs, and political developments. This flow of information enables voters to make informed decisions, which is a critical aspect of democracy.
(ii) Watchdog Role:
Media investigates and reports on government actions and policies, exposing corruption, abuse of power, and inefficiencies. This helps in holding public officials accountable and ensuring transparency.
(iii) Platform for Public Debate:
Through talk shows, interviews, opinion articles, and social media platforms, the media provides space for public discourse. Citizens, politicians, and experts can engage in meaningful dialogue, helping shape public opinion and democratic choices.
(iv) Mobilization and Participation:
Media campaigns and coverage of political events encourage citizens to participate in democratic processes like voting, protesting, or civic engagement. It plays a key role in mobilizing people toward national interests.
(v) Advocacy and Agenda Setting:
The media highlights pressing societal issues such as poverty, inequality, and injustice, thereby influencing the government to address them. By setting the public agenda, it shapes policy priorities and promotes responsive governance.
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(3)
(i) Public-Private Partnerships (PPP):
The government can collaborate with private investors through PPP arrangements. This introduces efficiency, modern technology, and management expertise while reducing the financial burden on the state.
(ii) Autonomy and Reduced Political Interference:
Granting SOEs greater operational independence helps prevent political meddling in appointments and contracts. This encourages professionalism, transparency, and merit-based decision-making.
(iii) Digital Transformation:
The use of modern ICT solutions in SOEs can improve service delivery, reduce corruption, and enhance productivity. Examples include digitizing payment systems and automating operations.
(iv) Performance Monitoring and Evaluation:
Establishing Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and regularly reviewing performance will help identify challenges early and make data-driven decisions for restructuring and reform.
(v) Capacity Building and Training:
Continuous training and development of staff will equip them with modern skills and knowledge to meet the dynamic needs of the economy, making SOEs more responsive and innovative.
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(4)
(i) Strengthening Judicial Oversight Bodies:
Institutions like the National Judicial Council (NJC) must be empowered to monitor judges’ conduct and discipline erring members to uphold accountability within the judiciary.
(ii) Clear Separation of Powers:
Maintaining an effective separation between the judiciary, legislature, and executive will prevent the judiciary from exceeding its constitutional limits and interfering in political processes.
(iii) Promoting Judicial Ethics and Integrity:
Developing and enforcing a strict code of conduct for judges will discourage bias, favoritism, and corruption, ensuring that judges make decisions based solely on law and facts.
(iv) Enhancing Access to Justice:
Ensuring that justice is accessible to all citizens — through free legal aid, reduced court costs, and speedy trials — strengthens public confidence and discourages the perception of judicial overreach.
(V) Constitutional and Legal Reforms:
Periodic reforms in the legal and judicial framework can clarify roles, modernize court processes, and prevent loopholes that may enable judges to act beyond their authority.
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(5)
(i) Promotion of Political Participation:
A democratic political culture encourages active citizenship, voting, civic activism, and public debate, leading to more inclusive and responsive governance.
(ii) Support for Democratic Institutions:
When citizens respect laws, constitutions, and democratic norms, it creates stability and predictability, which are essential for attracting investment and development planning.
(iii) Accountability and Transparency:
Cultures that demand accountability from leaders promote responsible governance, reduce corruption, and improve the efficient use of public resources.
(iv) National Integration and Unity:
A political culture that values tolerance and diversity reduces ethnic and religious conflicts, allowing governments to focus on economic and social development.
(v) Encouragement of Meritocracy:
Cultures that value competence and hard work ensure that leadership and public appointments are based on merit, resulting in better policy implementation and public service delivery.
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SECTION B; ANSWER TWO(2) QUESTIONS ONLY
(6)
(i) Grassroots Mobilization:
Traditional rulers command loyalty and respect at the grassroots level. They can be instrumental in mobilizing rural communities to participate in democratic activities such as voter registration and peaceful elections.
(ii) Conflict Resolution:
They are custodians of indigenous conflict resolution systems. Their involvement in local governance can reduce court congestion and foster peaceful coexistence, essential for democratic stability.
(iii) Cultural Legitimacy:
Their role helps to bridge modern democratic institutions with local cultures and customs, making governance more relatable and acceptable to local populations, thereby improving legitimacy.
(iv) Advocacy for Development:
Traditional authorities can champion local development needs by lobbying elected officials and NGOs to focus on health, education, and infrastructure projects within their domains.
(V) Surveillance and Law Enforcement Support:
They assist in maintaining law and order by reporting criminal activities and helping law enforcement agencies curb crimes in their communities, thus contributing to societal stability necessary for democracy to thrive.
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(7)
(i) Unity in Diversity:
Nationalist leaders emphasized unity despite ethnic and religious differences. This teaches citizens the importance of coming together for common goals like peace and development.
(ii) Sacrifice and Patriotism:
Nationalists like Nnamdi Azikiwe and Obafemi Awolowo made personal sacrifices for independence. Citizens learn to prioritize national interest over personal or group interests.
(iii) Civic Engagement:
Nationalists used petitions, protests, and negotiations to demand self-rule. Citizens learn the value of peaceful advocacy and political engagement in driving change.
(iv) Education as a Tool for Liberation:
Many nationalists promoted education as a means to empower people. Citizens are reminded of the importance of education in transforming society and achieving development.
(v) Democratic Values:
Nationalist leaders fought for participatory governance. This teaches citizens to cherish democracy and resist dictatorship or military rule.
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(8.)
(i) Financial Assistance and Grants:
Organizations like the World Bank and IMF provide Nigeria with loans and development grants used for infrastructure, health, and education projects.
(ii) Technical and Human Resource Support:
UNDP, WHO, and others supply experts, training, and equipment to help Nigeria develop skills in various sectors, including healthcare, governance, and environmental management.
(iii) Conflict Resolution and Peacekeeping:
Organizations such as the African Union (AU) and ECOWAS assist Nigeria in managing internal conflicts and regional instability through mediation and peacekeeping missions.
(iv) Promoting Good Governance and Human Rights:
International bodies advocate for transparency, democratic elections, anti-corruption practices, and respect for human rights, helping to strengthen Nigeria’s institutions.
(v) Trade and Economic Cooperation:
Through membership in organizations like the WTO and ECOWAS, Nigeria gains access to regional and global markets, enhancing trade, investment, and economic growth.
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(9)
(i) Strengthening Civilian Control Over the Military:
Governments should ensure that military appointments and promotions are overseen by civilian authorities, and that the armed forces are subordinate to elected leaders.
(ii) Professionalization of the Armed Forces:
Providing better training, welfare, and depoliticizing the military can reduce the temptation for officers to intervene in politics. A professional force focuses on national defense, not governance.
(iii) Promoting Good Governance and Rule of Law:
When democratic governments uphold justice, reduce corruption, and deliver public goods effectively, it minimizes the justification for military coups and interventions.
(iv) Civic Education and Democratic Values:
Educating both civilians and military personnel on the importance of democracy, constitutionalism, and human rights fosters respect for democratic institutions.
(v) Regional Collaboration and Sanctions:
Regional bodies like ECOWAS should maintain zero-tolerance for military takeovers, enforce sanctions against coup leaders, and promote peer pressure among member states to uphold democratic governance.
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(10)
(i) Economic Diplomacy and Trade Relations:
Foreign policy helps Nigeria build economic partnerships with other countries, attracting foreign investment, increasing exports, and facilitating access to foreign markets.
(ii) Access to International Aid and Loans:
Through diplomatic relations, Nigeria secures financial support for national development from international donors, banks, and development agencies.
(iii) Regional Integration and Cooperation:
Nigeria’s involvement in ECOWAS and the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) fosters economic integration, infrastructure development, and labor mobility across borders.
(iv) National Security and Defense Alliances:
Foreign policy enables Nigeria to collaborate with global powers and organizations in tackling terrorism, piracy, and other security challenges that could hinder development.
(v) Image Building and Soft Power:
By projecting a positive image abroad, Nigeria improves its international reputation, attracting tourists, investors, and strategic partners who contribute to national development.
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