BEST EXPO RUNZ ASSISTANCE WEBSITE. NO.1 BEST DELIVERY OF EXAM RUNZ
100% GUARANTEE OF GETTING ANSWERS MIDNIGHT..IT’S OUR CULTURE, NO DOUBT
===================================
(1)
===================================
(2a)
TABLE
GRAPH
(2b)
(i) Can Be Misleading:
The divergent style may confuse viewers who are unfamiliar with the format, especially when the direction of divergence does not have a clear meaning.
(ii) Difficult to Compare Bars:
Comparing the length of bars diverging in opposite directions can be difficult, particularly when precise values are important, as the direction distracts from relative size.
===================================
(3a)
The lithosphere is the rigid, outermost shell of the Earth, comprising the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle that behaves elastically over geological time scales. It extends roughly 50 to 150 kilometers deep, depending on whether it is oceanic or continental lithosphere.
(3b)
(i) Rigid and Brittle Behavior: The lithosphere behaves as a solid, rigid shell that can fracture and break, causing earthquakes. This contrasts with the underlying asthenosphere, which is hotter and deforms plastically over time.
(ii) Variable Thickness: The lithosphere’s thickness varies; oceanic lithosphere is thinner (about 50–100 km) and denser, while continental lithosphere is thicker (up to 150 km or more) and less dense. Oceanic lithosphere thickens as it cools and moves away from mid-ocean ridges.
(iii) Composed of Tectonic Plates: The lithosphere is divided into a dozen or more tectonic plates that move relative to each other, floating on the ductile asthenosphere. These plates include both oceanic and continental lithosphere, which differ in composition and density.
(3c)
(i) Source of Mineral Resources: The lithosphere contains a wide variety of economically important minerals and ores such as iron, gold, bauxite, and others essential for industry and technology.
(ii) Foundation for Soil Formation: Weathering of lithospheric rocks produces soil, which supports terrestrial ecosystems and agriculture, critical for food production.
(iii) Supports Human Infrastructure: The lithosphere provides a stable base for construction of buildings, roads, and other infrastructure, enabling human settlement and development.
(iv) Contains Fossil Fuels: Sedimentary rocks within the lithosphere hold fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas, which are vital energy sources worldwide.
(v) Regulates Geological and Environmental Processes: The lithosphere plays a key role in Earth’s geological cycles, including plate tectonics, volcanic activity, and carbon cycling, which influence climate and environmental stability
===================================
(4a)
An artesian well is a type of well drilled into a confined aquifer where water is under natural pressure between impermeable rock layers. Because of this pressure, water rises up the well without pumping and may even flow out at the surface. Artesian wells provide a reliable water source, especially in areas where surface water is scarce.
(4b)
(i) Confined Aquifer: A permeable rock layer (like sandstone) saturated with water is trapped between two impermeable layers (like clay or shale).
(ii) Inclined Aquifer: The aquifer slopes so that recharge occurs at a higher elevation, creating pressure.
(iii) Recharge Area: Rainwater or surface water infiltrates into the aquifer at higher ground, maintaining pressure.
(iv) Impermeable Cap Rock: Prevents water from escaping upwards, maintaining hydraulic pressure in the aquifer.
(4c)
(i) Continuous Water Supply: Because of natural pressure, artesian wells can provide water without mechanical pumping, useful for domestic, agricultural, and industrial needs.
(ii) Cost-Effective and Sustainable: Reduced energy costs and less maintenance make artesian wells an economical and sustainable water source in suitable regions.
===================================
(5a)
Weather describes the atmospheric conditions such as temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, over a short period (hours to days), whereas climate is the average of these conditions over a long period (usually 30 years or more), reflecting long-term patterns and trends.
(5b)
Cyclonic rainfall occurs when two air masses of different temperatures meet, typically a warm, moist air mass and a cold, dry air mass. The warmer air is forced to rise over the denser cold air, cooling as it ascends. This cooling causes condensation and cloud formation, leading to widespread rainfall. This process is common in mid-latitude regions and is associated with cyclones and frontal systems.
(5c)
(i) Replenishes Water Bodies: It refills rivers, lakes, and groundwater, essential for ecosystems and human use.
(ii) Supports Agriculture: Provides necessary moisture for crop growth, especially in regions dependent on seasonal rains.
(iii) Maintains Natural Vegetation: Helps sustain forests and grasslands, supporting biodiversity.
===================================
(6a)
A flood plain is a flat or gently sloping area of land adjacent to a river or stream that is subject to periodic flooding when the river overflows its banks.
(6b)
=CHARACTERISTICS OF A FLOOD PLAIN=
(i) Flat and Low-Lying Area:
A flood plain is a broad, flat area of land found alongside a river, typically in the lower course of the river.
(ii) Made of Alluvium:
It consists of layers of fine sediments like silt, clay, and sand, deposited by the river during floods.
(iii) Meandering River:
The river flowing through the flood plain tends to form meanders (bends) due to the low gradient and low energy.
(iv) Presence of Natural Levees:
Raised banks formed from the deposition of heavier sediments during floods, running parallel to the river.
(v) Fertile Soil:
The deposited alluvium is rich in nutrients, making flood plains very fertile and ideal for agriculture.
(vi) Subject to Periodic Flooding:
During times of heavy rainfall or snowmelt, the river overflows its banks, covering the flood plain with water.
=MODE OF FORMATION OF A FLOOD PLAIN=
(i) Flooding Events:
During periods of high rainfall or snowmelt, the river overflows its banks and spreads over the surrounding land.
(ii) Deposition of Sediments:
As the water spreads out, it loses velocity and deposits sediments, coarser materials near the river channel (forming levees) and finer materials further away.
(iii) Repeated Deposition:
Over time, repeated flooding and deposition build up the layers of sediments, gradually developing a flat, extensive plain.
(iv) Meander Migration:
The lateral erosion and deposition caused by meandering shifts the river channel side to side, widening the flood plain.
(v) Development of Features:
Other flood plain features such as ox-bow lakes, levees, and backswamps may form due to meander cut-offs and sediment accumulation.
===================================
(7a)
(i) Deflation: Removal of loose, fine particles by wind.
(ii) Abrasion: Wearing down of surfaces by wind-driven sand particles.
(iii) Attrition: Breaking down of particles as they collide with each other in the wind.
(7bi)
(i) Both are wind-eroded landforms found in arid or semi-arid regions.
(ii) Both have elongated shapes oriented parallel to prevailing wind directions.
(iii) Both result from differential erosion where harder rock resists erosion more than softer rock.
(7bii)
(i) Zeugen are flat-topped, block-like rock formations with a resistant caprock protecting softer layers beneath; yardangs are streamlined, ridge-like features sculpted entirely by wind abrasion.
(ii) Zeugen often form where horizontal rock layers exist, while yardangs form in areas with more uniform rock types.
(iii) Yardangs are typically more aerodynamic and elongated, while zeugen are more massive and blocky.
===================================
(8a)
The natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth without human intervention. This includes air, water, soil, plants, animals, and natural processes like weather and geological activity.
(8b)
(i) Deforestation: Clearing forests for agriculture, logging, or urban development reduces biodiversity and disrupts ecosystems.
(ii) Pollution: Dumping waste and chemicals contaminates air, water, and soil, harming organisms and human health.
(iii) Urbanization: Expanding cities and infrastructure encroach on natural habitats, causing habitat loss and fragmentation.
(iv) Overexploitation: Excessive hunting, fishing, and resource extraction deplete species and degrade ecosystems.
(8c)
(i) Environmental Legislation: Enacting and enforcing laws to regulate pollution, conserve forests, and protect endangered species.
(ii) Public Awareness and Education: Promoting sustainable practices, recycling, and conservation through education to encourage responsible behavior.
===================================
COMPLETED….We Remain Your Favourite Site.
Ensure You Subscribe For Your Next Paper
===================================
Leave a Reply