NECO 2026 GOVERNMENT ANSWERS (OBJ & ESSAY)

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GOVERNMENT OBJ
01-10: ACBBEBBBAB
11-20: BDAAACDCDE
21-30: AADADCEDBB
31-40: CEEDAECEEB
41-50: BBECABDCBD
51-60: ACDBDDEEBB

COMPLETED
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SECTION A: ANSWER TWO(2) QUESTIONS ONLY

 

(1a)
Government is the institution or body of persons legally empowered to make, implement, and enforce laws and policies for the administration and governance of a state.

(1b)
(i) Population: A state must have a body of people who permanently reside within its territory. The population forms the human element of the state and provides the workforce, taxpayers, and citizens.
(ii) Territory: A state must possess a defined geographical area with clearly recognised boundaries over which it exercises authority. The territory includes land, internal waters, airspace, and territorial waters.
(iii) Government: A state must have an organised government responsible for making laws, maintaining law and order, protecting lives and property, and administering public affairs.
(iv) Sovereignty: A state must possess supreme authority to govern itself without external control. Sovereignty gives the state the power to make and enforce laws within its territory and conduct its external affairs independently.
(v) Recognition (International Recognition): A state should be recognised by other sovereign states and international organisations. Recognition enables it to establish diplomatic relations, enter into treaties, and participate in international affairs.
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(2)
Legitimacy is the acceptance by the people that a government has the legal and moral right to rule. The following factors determine the legitimacy of a government:

(i) Free and Fair Elections: A government elected through transparent, credible, and peaceful elections is generally regarded as legitimate because it derives its authority from the consent of the people.
(ii) Constitutional Rule: A government that comes to power and governs according to the provisions of the constitution is considered legitimate. Respect for constitutional procedures enhances public confidence.
(iii) Popular Support and Consent: A government enjoys legitimacy when it has the approval and confidence of the majority of the citizens, who willingly accept its authority and obey its laws.
(iv) Good Governance and Effective Performance: A government that provides security, maintains law and order, protects human rights, and delivers essential public services is more likely to be accepted as legitimate.
(v) Rule of Law: Legitimacy is strengthened when government officials and citizens are equally subject to the law, and justice is administered fairly without discrimination or abuse of power.
(vi) Protection of Fundamental Human Rights: A government that respects citizens’ rights and freedoms, such as freedom of speech, association, religion, and the right to a fair hearing, gains greater public acceptance and legitimacy.
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(3)
A unitary system of government is one in which all governmental powers are concentrated in a single central authority. A state may adopt this system for the following reasons:

(i) To Promote National Unity: A unitary system encourages national integration by placing the entire country under one central government with uniform laws and policies, thereby reducing regional divisions.
(ii) To Ensure Efficient Decision-Making: Since authority is concentrated at the centre, government decisions can be made and implemented more quickly without delays caused by multiple levels of government.
(iii) To Reduce the Cost of Administration: Maintaining only one central government is less expensive than operating separate federal, state, or regional governments, thereby reducing administrative costs.
(iv) To Maintain Uniformity in Laws and Policies: A unitary system ensures that the same laws, educational standards, economic policies, and administrative regulations apply throughout the country, promoting consistency.
(v) To Strengthen Central Control and National Security: A strong central government can coordinate defence, internal security, and emergency responses more effectively, helping to preserve peace and political stability.
(vi) To Suit Small or Homogeneous States: Countries with relatively small populations, limited geographical size, or cultural and ethnic homogeneity often adopt a unitary system because extensive decentralisation is unnecessary and central administration is more practical.
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(4)
(i) Mode of leadership selection: In republicanism, the head of state is elected by the citizens (directly or indirectly) for a fixed term, whereas in monarchy, the head of state ascends the throne through hereditary succession.
(ii) Tenure of office: In republicanism, the head of state holds office for a specified constitutional term, while in monarchy, the monarch usually reigns for life until death or abdication.
(iii) Basis of legitimacy: In republicanism, governmental authority is derived from the will and consent of the people, whereas in monarchy, authority is derived from hereditary right and tradition.
(iv) Accountability: In republicanism, the head of state is accountable to the electorate and may be removed through constitutional means, while in monarchy, the monarch is generally not directly accountable to the electorate.
(v) Eligibility for office: In republicanism, any qualified citizen may contest for the office of head of state, whereas in monarchy, only members of the royal family are eligible to become monarch.
(vi) Nature of the office: In republicanism, the office of the head of state is elective and non-hereditary, while in monarchy, the office is hereditary and passes from one generation of the royal family to another.
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SECTION B: ANSWER THREE(3) QUESTIONS ONLY

 

(5)
(i) Economic Exploitation: European countries colonised Africa to obtain abundant raw materials such as palm oil, cocoa, rubber, cotton, gold, and diamonds for their industries, as well as to secure markets for manufactured goods.

(ii) Search for New Markets: The Industrial Revolution led to mass production in Europe. Colonies in Africa provided ready markets where European manufactured goods could be sold.

(iii) Acquisition of Raw Materials: European industries required a steady supply of cheap raw materials. Colonisation guaranteed direct access to these resources without relying on independent African states.

(iv) Strategic and Political Rivalry: European powers competed among themselves to acquire colonies in order to increase their national prestige, expand their empires, and strengthen their military and political influence.

(v) Missionary and Humanitarian Motives: European missionaries sought to spread Christianity, Western education, and civilisation. Many also claimed they wanted to suppress the slave trade and improve the welfare of Africans.

(vi) Population Pressure and Investment Opportunities: Rapid population growth and industrialisation in Europe created a need for new areas for settlement and profitable investment. African colonies offered land, labour, and opportunities for European businesses and investors.
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(6)
(i) To Facilitate Indirect Rule: The British used traditional rulers as intermediaries between the colonial government and the people, making it easier to administer the colonies through existing indigenous institutions.

(ii) To Reduce the Cost of Administration: Using traditional rulers reduced the need to employ a large number of British officials, thereby lowering the cost of governing the colonies.

(iii) To Maintain Law and Order: Traditional rulers commanded the respect and loyalty of their subjects. The British used them to maintain peace, settle disputes, and enforce colonial laws.

(iv) To Gain the Cooperation and Support of the People: The British believed that people would be more willing to obey colonial policies when they were communicated and enforced by their own recognised traditional rulers.

(v) To Ensure Efficient Tax Collection: Traditional rulers were used to assess, collect, and remit taxes because they knew the people and local communities better than British officials.

(vi) To Preserve Existing Customs and Institutions: The British retained traditional rulers to preserve indigenous political institutions and customs, provided they did not conflict with colonial interests, thereby reducing resistance to colonial rule.
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(7)
(i) It encouraged popular participation in constitution-making: Unlike earlier constitutions, Nigerians were widely consulted through village, district, provincial, and regional conferences before the constitution was drafted, making it more representative.

(ii) It established a federal structure: The constitution strengthened the regional system by granting greater powers and responsibilities to the Northern, Western, and Eastern Regions.

(iii) It expanded the Legislative Council: It created a larger central legislature with increased Nigerian representation, allowing more Africans to participate in law-making.

(iv) It introduced a Council of Ministers: The constitution established a Council of Ministers made up mainly of Nigerians to advise the Governor and participate in the administration of the country, thereby increasing Nigerian involvement in governance.

(v) It promoted regional self-government: Each region was provided with its own House of Assembly (and the North also had a House of Chiefs), enabling the regions to manage many of their internal affairs.

(vi) It prepared Nigeria for independence: By increasing Nigerian participation in government and encouraging constitutional development, the Macpherson Constitution laid a strong foundation for responsible government and Nigeria’s eventual independence in 1960.
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(8)
(i) Inadequate Funding: Local government councils often receive insufficient funds to provide basic services and execute development projects, thereby limiting their effectiveness.

(ii) Corruption and Mismanagement: Misappropriation and embezzlement of public funds by some officials reduce the resources available for development and service delivery.

(iii) Political Interference: State governments often interfere in the affairs of local governments, limiting their autonomy and influencing their decisions, appointments, and finances.

(iv) Shortage of Qualified Personnel: Many local government councils lack adequately trained and experienced staff, leading to poor planning, inefficient administration, and low productivity.

(v) Poor Infrastructure: Inadequate office accommodation, poor road networks, insufficient equipment, and unreliable electricity hinder the effective performance of local government functions.

(vi) Lack of Autonomy: Although recognised by the Constitution, many local governments do not enjoy full financial and administrative independence, making them dependent on state governments for funds and policy direction.
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(9)
(i) National Interest: Nigeria’s foreign policy is primarily influenced by the need to protect and promote its political, economic, and security interests.

(ii) Economic Conditions: The country’s economic strength, availability of resources, level of industrial development, and dependence on foreign trade influence its foreign policy decisions.

(iii) Leadership and Government Ideology: The beliefs, priorities, and foreign policy objectives of the government in power often determine Nigeria’s relations with other countries.

(iv) International Organisations: Nigeria’s membership of organisations such as the United Nations, African Union, and Economic Community of West African States influences its foreign policy through treaties, obligations, and collective decisions.

(v) Public Opinion: The views and reactions of Nigerians, pressure groups, the media, and civil society organisations can influence the government’s foreign policy decisions.

(vi) International Political Environment: Global events such as wars, terrorism, diplomatic conflicts, changes in world politics, and relations with other countries affect the direction and implementation of Nigeria’s foreign policy.
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(10)
(i) Veto Power of the Security Council: The veto power exercised by the permanent members of the Security Council often blocks important resolutions, making it difficult for the UN to take decisive action.

(ii) Inadequate Funding: The UN depends on financial contributions from member states. Delays or failure to pay these contributions hinder its operations and peacekeeping activities.

(iii) Lack of Cooperation from Member States: Some member states fail to comply with UN resolutions or refuse to support its decisions, thereby weakening its effectiveness.

(iv) Conflicting Interests of Major Powers: Differences in political, economic, and strategic interests among powerful countries often prevent the UN from reaching consensus on important international issues.

(v) Civil Wars and Internal Conflicts: Many conflicts occur within sovereign states, making it difficult for the UN to intervene effectively without the consent of the affected government.

(vi) Lack of a Standing Military Force: The UN does not have a permanent military force of its own and depends on member states to provide troops for peacekeeping operations, which often delays or limits its response to crises.
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