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(1)
The compilation of the Quran after the death of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) was a thorough and meticulous process. Abu Bakr, the first caliph, recognized the importance of preserving the Quranic revelations, which were mostly memorized by the companions, but also written on various materials like bones, leather, stones, and wood. He entrusted Zayd ibn Thabit, a renowned scribe and companion, to gather and compile the Quranic verses.
Zayd ibn Thabit approached the companions who had memorized the Quran, including prominent figures like Umar ibn Al-Khattab and Uthman ibn Affan, to verify the collected verses. This verification process ensured that the compiled Quran was accurate and authentic, free from any errors or alterations.
During the reign of Uthman ibn Affan, the third caliph, concerns arose about different recitations of the Quran among non-Arabic speakers. To address this, Uthman formed a committee, including Zayd ibn Thabit, to standardize the Quran. The committee reviewed the compiled Quran, ensuring its consistency and accuracy, and produced a single, authoritative version.
This standardized Quran was then copied and distributed throughout the Islamic empire, making it accessible to all Muslims. The rigorous process of compilation, verification, and standardization ensured the preservation of the Quran in its original form, as revealed to Prophet Muhammad (SAW), and has remained the basis of Islamic worship, guidance, and scholarship to this day.
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(2a)
The term Sunnah refers to the sayings, actions, and approvals of the Prophet Muhammad (S A.W) that were documented and passed down by his companions and their followers. It includes his teachings, guidance, and examples of how he lived his life, which serve as a model for Muslims to follow.
(2b)
(i)Authentic chain of narrators: A sound Hadith has a continuous and unbroken chain of narrators, each of whom is known for their integrity and accuracy.
(ii)Reliable narrators: The narrators in the chain must be known for their truthfulness, trustworthiness, and knowledge.
(iii)Clear and unambiguous text: The text of the Hadith must be clear and unambiguous, without any contradictions or doubts.
(iv)Free from contradictions: A sound Hadith does not contradict the Quran, other established Hadiths, or established historical facts.
(v)Free from errors: The Hadith must be free from errors in grammar, syntax, and language.
(vi)Confirmed by multiple narrations: A sound Hadith is confirmed by multiple narrations from different narrators.
(vii)Not contrary to reason or intellect: A sound Hadith must not be contrary to reason or intellect, and must be in line with the general principles of Islam.
(viii)Not in conflict with historical facts: A sound Hadith must not be in conflict with established historical facts and must be in line with the context in which it was narrated.
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(3)
(i)Time: The prayer is performed in the morning, after sunrise, on the 10th day of the Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah.
(ii)Congregation: Muslims gather in a large congregation, usually in a mosque or an outdoor area, to perform the prayer.
(iii)Preparation: Before the prayer, Muslims:
– Take a bath or shower (ghusl)
– Wear new or clean clothes
– Apply perfume or fragrance
– Bring a sacrificial animal (if possible)
(iv)Prayer:
– The Imam leads the congregation in two rak’ahs (units) of prayer
– The prayer includes specific supplications and recitations
– Muslims face the Ka’bah in Makkah during the prayer
(v)Khutbah_: After the prayer, the Imam delivers a sermon (khutbah), which includes:
– Praise and gratitude to Allah
– The story of Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) and his willingness to sacrifice his son
– The importance of obedience, sacrifice, and generosity
– Congratulations and blessings for the congregation
(vi)Sacrifice: After the prayer and khutbah, Muslims who have the means sacrifice an animal (usually a sheep, goat, or cow) to commemorate Prophet Ibrahim’s willingness to sacrifice his son. The meat is then distributed to the poor and needy.
(vii)Celebration: The rest of the day is spent with family and friends, exchanging gifts, sharing meals, and celebrating the occasion.
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(4a)
In Hadith, Matn (متن) refers to the text or content of a Hadith report, which includes the words and actions attributed to the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). It is the actual narration or text of the Hadith, excluding the chain of narrators (Isnad).
(4b)
(ii) Khabar (خبر): The Matn should be a report or narration of a historical event or a statement made by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
(ii) Qawl (قول): The Matn should be a statement or saying of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), not an action or tacit approval.
(iii) Fi’l (فعل): The Matn should describe an action or deed performed by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
(iv) Ta’rif (تعريف): The Matn should be clear and unambiguous, without any confusion or uncertainty.
(v) Dala’l(دلالة): The Matn should have a clear and apparent meaning, without any hidden or obscure implications.
(vi) Sihhah(صحة): The Matn should be free from any defects or errors, and should be consistent with the established principles and teachings of Islam.
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(6a)
Bismillaahir Rahmaanir Raheem
(i)Innaa anzalnaahu fee lailatil qadr
(ii)Wa maa adraaka ma lailatul qadr
(iii)Lailatul qadri khairum min alfee shahr
(iv)Tanaz zalul malaa-ikatu war roohu feeha bi izni-rab bihim min kulli amr
(v)Salaamun hiya hattaa mat la’il fajr
(6b)
In the Name of Allah, The Most Gracious, Most Merciful
(i)Verily! We have sent it (this Qur’an) down in the night of Al-Qadr (Decree)
(ii)And what will make you know what the night of Al-Qadr (Decree) is?
(iii)The night of Al-Qadr (Decree) is better than a thousand months (i.e. worshipping Allah in that night is better than worshipping Him a thousand months, i.e. 83 years and 4 months).
(iv)Therein descend the angels and the Ruh [Jibrael (Gabriel)] by Allah’s Permission with all Decrees,
(v)Peace! (All that night, there is Peace and Goodness from Allah to His believing slaves) until the appearance of dawn.
(6c)
(i).Quran 97, titled “Al-Qadr” or “The Decree,” discusses the night of decree, which is believed to occur during the month of Ramadan, highlighting its significance in Islamic belief and practice.
(ii)This chapter emphasizes the profound importance of the night of decree, describing it as better than a thousand months, symbolizing the immense blessings and spiritual opportunities it offers to believers.
(iii)Quran 97 encourages believers to engage in worship, reflection, and supplication during the night of decree, as it is a time when divine mercy and guidance are particularly abundant.
(iv)The chapter underscores the concept of predestination (Qadr) in Islam, affirming that Allah’s decree is absolute and encompasses all aspects of existence, including human destiny and the unfolding of events.
(v)Through Quran 97, Muslims are reminded of the transformative power of faith, prayer, and devotion, especially during moments of spiritual significance such as the night of decree, which serves as a source of hope, inspiration, and renewal for believers.
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