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(1ai)
A – Platy
B – Blocky
C – Granular
D – Prismatic
(1aii)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Add organic matter (eg, compost or manure) to enhance soil aggregation and fertility.
(ii) Practice conservation tillage to avoid soil compaction and maintain structure.
(iii) Introduce cover crops to reduce erosion and improve soil health.
(iv) Apply gypsum to improve the structure of clay soils by breaking down compacted layers.
(1aiii)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Enhances water infiltration and retention, ensuring sufficient water for plant roots.
(ii) Improves aeration, enabling root respiration and nutrient uptake.
(iii) Reduces soil erosion by holding soil particles together.
(iv) Facilitates root penetration, allowing plants to access deeper nutrients and water.
(1b)
Earthworm
(1bi)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Soil pH (earthworms thrive in neutral to slightly alkaline soils).
(ii) Moisture levels (they require moist soil for survival).
(iii) Organic matter availability (as food source).
(iv) Soil temperature (extreme heat or cold can reduce their population).
(v) Use of chemical fertilizers or pesticides (can harm or kill earthworms).
(1biii)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Enhances soil aeration through burrowing.
(ii) Increases soil fertility by breaking down organic matter into humus.
(iii) Improves water infiltration by creating tunnels in the soil.
(iv) Promotes nutrient cycling by digesting and excreting organic materials.
(v) Reduces soil compaction, creating better conditions for root growth.
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(2a)
I – Secateurs
II – Hedge shears
III – Sickle
(2b)
I – Secateurs
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Pruning small branches or twigs from trees and shrubs.
(ii) Harvesting fruits and flowers.
(iii) Removing dead or diseased parts of plants.
(iv) Shaping ornamental plants and shrubs.
III – Sickle
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Cutting grass and weeds for livestock feed.
(ii) Harvesting cereal crops like wheat and rice.
(iii) Clearing undergrowth in preparation for planting.
(iv) Harvesting green fodder for livestock.
(2c)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Secateurs are smaller and hand-held, while hedge shears are larger and require two hands to operate.
(ii) Secateurs are used for precise cutting of small branches, whereas hedge shears are used for trimming larger hedges and bushes.
(iii) Secateurs have short, curved blades for precision, while hedge shears have long, straight blades for trimming wide areas.
(iv) Secateurs are designed for cutting thin branches, while hedge shears are more suitable for thicker hedges or shrubs.
(2d)
(i) Mower
(ii) Combined harvester
(2e)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Clean tools after use to remove dirt and plant residues.
(ii) Sharpen blades regularly to maintain cutting efficiency.
(iii) Oil moving parts to prevent rust and ensure smooth operation.
(iv) Store tools in a dry place to avoid rust and damage.
(v) Inspect tools frequently for any damage and repair or replace worn-out parts.
(vi) Use tools for their intended purpose to prevent unnecessary wear and breakage.
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(3a)
A: Grasshopper
B: Termite
C: Beetle
(3b)
B: Mandibles
C: Chewing mouthparts
(3c)
A: Maize, Rice
B: Wood, Cellulose-based materials
(3di)
Destruction of wooden structures (e.g., farm buildings, fences)
(3dii)
Use termite-resistant materials, such as treated wood or metal, for constructing the pen.
(3diii)
(i) Proper storage in airtight containers.
(ii) Fumigation with insecticides.
(iii) Drying grains to <10% moisture.
(iv) Regular cleaning and sanitation.
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(4a)
A: Natural brooding (using a hen to provide warmth to chicks).
B: Artificial brooding (using artificial heat and light source for chicks).
(4b)
I: Heat/Light source (electric bulb).
II: Reflector.
III: Feeding and water trough (or feeding area).
(4c)
(i) Regular cleaning and disinfection of the brooder.
(ii) Ensuring constant supply of clean water and feed.
(iii) Monitoring and maintaining the appropriate temperature.
(iv) Checking and replacing the bedding material.
(4d)
(i) Rats.
(ii) Snakes.
(iii) Mice.
(4e)
(i) Limited number of chicks can be brooded at once.
(ii) Higher risk of disease transmission from the hen to the chicks.
(iii) Inconsistent heat supply, especially during cold weather.
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