HISTORY SOLUTIONS
HISTORY OBJ
01-10: ACDDBBCCAC
11-20: ACBDDBCDBA
21-30: DDBCDCDBCA
31-40: ADBDCBDCBD
41-50: DDCBCACADC
COMPLETED
INSTRUCTION; ANSWER FOUR(4) QUESTIONS IN ALL, AT LEAST ONE QUESTION FROM EACH SECTIONÂ
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(1)
(i) Artistic Expression and Cultural Identity:
Bronze work in Nigeria was primarily associated with the creation of intricate sculptures and artifacts that served as a form of artistic expression. These artworks were not only aesthetically impressive but also played a crucial role in defining the cultural identity of various ethnic groups. The sculptures often depicted royalty, deities, and important figures, serving as a means to preserve and communicate the cultural and historical narratives of the communities.
(ii) Religious and Spiritual Significance:
Many bronze sculptures in Nigeria had religious and spiritual significance. They were often associated with the worship of ancestral spirits, deities, and other supernatural entities. The intricate craftsmanship of bronze objects reflected the religious beliefs and rituals of the communities, acting as both sacred objects and conduits to the spiritual realm.
(iii) Status and Prestige:
Bronze objects were symbols of wealth, power, and social status. The production and possession of bronze items were often exclusive to the elite and ruling classes. The more elaborate and finely crafted the bronze work, the higher the status of the individual or community associated with it. Bronze objects, such as ceremonial regalia and royal insignia, were used to display the authority and prestige of rulers and nobility.
(iv) Trade and Diplomacy:
The skillful production of bronze objects contributed to the economic prosperity of certain regions in pre-colonial Nigeria. These regions became known for their bronze craftsmanship, attracting trade and commerce. The exchange of bronze items through trade routes facilitated economic interactions and diplomatic relations between different communities and even with neighboring regions.
(v) Historical Documentation:
Bronze sculptures served as important historical artifacts, providing insights into the social, political, and economic structures of pre-colonial Nigerian societies. The detailed craftsmanship of bronze work allowed for the preservation of historical events, genealogies, and cultural practices. In this way, bronze objects functioned as a form of historical documentation, enabling future generation
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(4)
(i) Islamic Governance:
The Sokoto Caliphate was founded on the principles of Islamic governance and aimed to establish a society based on Islamic law (Sharia). Usman dan Fodio sought to reform and purify Islamic practices, and the caliphate became a model for the implementation of Islamic principles in administration and daily life.
(ii) Military Expansion:
Usman dan Fodio and his followers engaged in a series of military campaigns to establish and expand the Sokoto Caliphate. The Fulani jihad, or holy war, led to the conquest of various Hausa city-states and other territories in the region, creating a centralized and powerful Islamic state.
(iii) Educational System:
The Sokoto Caliphate placed a strong emphasis on education, particularly Islamic education. The caliphate established a network of Islamic schools and centers of learning to promote scholarship and the study of Islamic sciences. This educational system contributed to the intellectual and cultural development of the region.
(iv) Economic System:
The caliphate implemented economic policies in line with Islamic principles. Trade and agriculture were significant components of the economy, and the caliphate encouraged economic activities that adhered to Islamic ethics. The promotion of commerce and trade helped foster economic prosperity within the territories under its control.
(v) Political Structure:
The Sokoto Caliphate had a well-organized political structure with Usman dan Fodio as the spiritual and political leader (caliph). The caliphate was divided into emirates, each ruled by an emir appointed by the caliph. This hierarchical structure allowed for effective governance and administration of the vast territories under the caliphate’s influence.
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(8)
(i) Weak Institutional Framework:
The lack of strong and effective institutions to enforce laws and regulations contributes to corruption. In Nigeria, institutions responsible for oversight and accountability may be weak, understaffed, or inadequately funded, making it easier for corrupt practices to go unchecked.
(ii) Lack of Transparency and Accountability:
Transparency and accountability are crucial in preventing corruption. When public officials and institutions operate without transparency, there is a higher likelihood of corrupt practices. Inadequate mechanisms for monitoring and holding public officials accountable can exacerbate the problem.
(iii) Low Public Sector Salaries:
Low salaries for public officials can be a breeding ground for corruption. When public servants are not adequately compensated, they may be more susceptible to bribery and other forms of corruption to supplement their income. This creates an environment where corruption becomes an attractive option for financial gain.
(iv) Political Interference:
Political interference and influence in the public sector can undermine the independence of institutions and lead to corruption. When political leaders use their power to protect corrupt individuals or manipulate public resources for personal gain, it erodes the integrity of the public sector.
(v) Cultural and Socioeconomic Factors:
Cultural attitudes and socioeconomic conditions can also contribute to corruption. In some cases, there may be a societal acceptance or tolerance of corrupt practices. Additionally, high levels of poverty and inequality can create an environment where individuals may engage in corruption as a means of survival or to improve their living standards.
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(9)
(i) Trade and Economic Integration:
ECOWAS facilitates trade and economic integration among its member states. Nigeria, being one of the largest economies in the region, benefits from a more integrated and open market. This promotes the flow of goods and services, leading to increased economic activities and opportunities.
(ii) Regional Stability and Security:
ECOWAS plays a crucial role in promoting peace and stability in West Africa. Nigeria, as a major regional power, benefits from a stable and secure neighborhood. Collective efforts through ECOWAS help address issues such as conflict resolution, peacekeeping, and the prevention of political instability, which are essential for sustained economic development.
(iii) Infrastructure Development:
ECOWAS supports infrastructure development projects that aim to connect member states. Improved transportation and communication infrastructure benefit Nigeria by facilitating the movement of goods and people across borders, reducing trade barriers, and enhancing economic cooperation.
(iv) Harmonization of Policies and Standards:
ECOWAS works towards harmonizing policies, regulations, and standards among member states. This helps create a more consistent and predictable business environment for Nigeria, promoting investment and economic growth. Common standards also facilitate the ease of doing business within the region.
(v) Collaborative Development Initiatives:
Through ECOWAS, Nigeria can participate in collaborative development initiatives, including projects related to agriculture, education, health, and technology. Pooling resources and expertise at the regional level can lead to more effective and efficient development programs that benefit all member states, including Nigeria.
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