WAEC 2026 GOVERNMENT ANSWERS (OBJ & ESSAY)

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GOVERNMENT OBJ 
1; Answer A; promotes greater representation

2; Answer C; may lead to dictatorship

3; Answer D; aristocracy

4; Answer B; statutory corporations

5; Answer D; suppress rival political groups

6; Answer A; franchise

7; Answer B; Regional governments could legislate independently on residual matters

8; Answer B; clerk

9; Answer A; presidential system

10: Answer B; few privileged people can vote

11; Answer D; representation of the people is limited

12; Answer B; particular needs of its members

13; Answer A; Common ancestry

14; Answer B; a judiciary protected from political pressures

15; Answer D; projecting the military

16; Answer A; membership of the Commonwealth

17; Answer B; promoting mutual understanding and collaboration

18; Answer D; lack of trust in the government

19; Answer A; Balanced reporting

20; Answer D; nation state

21; Answer B; republicanism

22; Answer B: are responsible for formulating policies while political appointees remain at post

23; Answer A; Attainment of political self government

24; Answer A; primaries

25; Answer C; introduction of the elective principle

26; Answer B; government

27; Answer A; Pressure groups

28; Answer A; Transmission of political values

29; Answer B; straw vote

30; Answer C; internal sovereignty

31; Answer B: vote of no confidence

32; Answer B; only two parties are capable of winning elections

33; Answer C; ensures popular representation

34; Answer C; Limited funding and logistics

35; Answer A; Habeas corpus

36; Answer C; recognition by the electoral management body

37; Answer B; Newspapers

38; Answer D; Representation and inclusion

39; Answer C: Lack of political commitment among member countries

40; Answer B; Efficient collection of taxes and levies

41; Answer B: allowing local governments to address local needs

42; Answer D; promotes constitutionalism

43; Answer A; advised the governor on matters of policy

44; Answer B; Involvement of the people in governance

45; Answer D; protecting the choice of voters from exposure

46; Answer A; Consumer freedom

47; Answer A; Naturalization

48; Answer D; ward level

49; Answer D; ensures responsiveness of government policies

50; Answer C: a set of principles that guide a country’s interactions with other countries

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SECTION A: ANSWER TWO(2) QUESTIONS ONLY

(1a)
(i) Corruption and bribery
(ii) Delay in the administration of justice
(iii) Inadequate funding and poor facilities

 

(1b)
(i) Judicial independence with checks and balances: The judiciary should be independent but still subject to constitutional checks from the legislature and executive. This prevents judges from abusing power while ensuring they are not controlled by politicians.
(ii) Strengthening appellate courts: The existence of appeal courts allows higher courts to review and correct errors or abuses by lower courts. This helps to control excesses and ensures justice is properly served.
(iii) Appointment and discipline through transparent bodies: Judges should be appointed and disciplined by independent bodies such as the National Judicial Council. This reduces bias and prevents the emergence of authoritarian judges.
(iv) Strict adherence to constitutional provisions: Courts must operate strictly within the constitution and established laws. This ensures that judicial decisions are based on law rather than personal discretion or arbitrary power.
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(2a)
Pressure group:
A pressure group is an organized association of individuals that seeks to influence government policies and decisions without contesting for political power.

Public opinion:
Public opinion is the collective views, attitudes, and beliefs of the majority of people in a society on issues of public importance.

(2b)
(i) Policy influence and advocacy: Pressure groups influence government policies by presenting demands, proposals, and criticisms. This ensures that government decisions reflect citizens’ needs and strengthens democratic responsiveness.
(ii) Political education and awareness: They educate citizens on their rights, government actions, and public issues. This increases political participation and makes democracy more informed and meaningful.
(iii) Representation of diverse interests: Pressure groups represent the interests of different sectors such as workers, students, and professionals. This ensures that minority and specialized interests are not ignored in governance.
(iv) Promotion of accountability and transparency: They monitor government activities and expose corruption or abuse of power. This helps to hold leaders accountable and improves democratic governance.
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(3ai)
Free elections: Elections are free when voters are allowed to choose their candidates without fear, intimidation, coercion, or undue influence.

(3aii)
Fair elections: Elections are fair when all candidates and parties are given equal opportunity, and the electoral process is conducted impartially and transparently.

(3b)
(i) Voter education and sensitization: INEC can educate citizens on voting procedures and their rights. This reduces ignorance and discourages electoral malpractice such as vote selling or invalid voting.
(ii) Use of technology in elections: The introduction of technologies like biometric voter registration and electronic accreditation helps to reduce fraud and multiple voting, improving transparency in the process.
(iii) Training and deployment of competent electoral staff: Properly trained and neutral officials ensure that elections are conducted professionally. This reduces errors, bias, and manipulation during elections.
(iv) Strict enforcement of electoral laws: INEC can sanction offenders such as vote buyers, ballot box snatchers, and electoral offenders. This discourages malpractice and strengthens public confidence in the system.
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(4a)
(i) Implementation of government policies
(ii) Advising political executives
(iii) Provision of administrative services

(4b)
(i) Budget preparation and control: The Civil Service prepares and implements budgets that regulate government spending. This ensures that public funds are used only for approved purposes, promoting financial discipline.
(ii) Record keeping and documentation: It maintains accurate records of government activities and transactions. This makes it easier to trace decisions and audit public expenditure when necessary.
(iii) Audit and inspection systems: Through internal and external audit units, the Civil Service reviews government accounts and operations. This helps detect fraud, mismanagement, and inefficiency.
(iv) Rule-based administration (Civil Service rules and regulations): The Civil Service operates under established laws and procedures. This ensures that officials act within legal boundaries, making them answerable for their actions.
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(5a)
(i) Provision of essential services
(ii) Promotion of national development
(iii) Prevention of private monopoly exploitation

(5b)
(i) Improves efficiency: Commercialization makes corporations profit-oriented, reducing waste and encouraging better use of resources.
(ii) Reduces government interference: It grants greater autonomy, limiting political control that often causes delays and inefficiency.
(iii) Enhances accountability: Managers are made responsible for results through performance targets and financial discipline.
(iv) Introduces private sector practices: It brings in modern management methods such as cost control, performance incentives, and better staffing systems.
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SECTION B: ANSWER TWO(2) QUESTIONS ONLY

(6)
(i) The Oba (King): The Oba was the supreme ruler of the Yoruba political system, combining political, religious, and administrative authority. He served as the symbol of unity and exercised overall control over the kingdom.

(ii) Oyo Mesi (Council of Chiefs): The Oyo Mesi was a council of powerful chiefs who advised the king and could control or remove him if he misruled. They acted as a check on the king’s powers to prevent autocratic rule.

(iii) Ogboni Society: The Ogboni society was a powerful group of elders responsible for justice, religious duties, and maintaining order in society. They played an important role in settling disputes and upholding traditional laws.

(iv) Town Councils and Chiefs: These were local administrative bodies that handled governance, security, and day-to-day affairs within towns. They assisted in implementing decisions and ensuring effective administration at the local level.

(v) Provincial Administration (Subordinate Chiefs): The Yoruba kingdoms were divided into provinces and towns governed by subordinate chiefs who were accountable to the Oba. These chiefs helped maintain law and order, collect tribute, and administer their respective areas on behalf of the central authority.
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(7)
(i) Establishment of a true federal structure: The Lyttleton Constitution of 1954 formally introduced a federal system of government in Nigeria, dividing power between the central government and the three regions (Northern, Western, and Eastern). Each level of government had its own constitutionally defined responsibilities, marking a shift from unitary control to shared sovereignty.

(ii) Allocation of exclusive legislative powers to the regions: The regions were given substantial legislative authority over important areas such as education, health, agriculture, and local government. This allowed regional governments to make laws independently in these areas without interference from the central government.

(iii) Limited powers of the central government: The central government was restricted mainly to national matters such as defense, external affairs, currency, customs, and immigration. This ensured that the centre did not dominate regional administrations, thereby promoting regional autonomy.

(iv) Regional autonomy with separate legislatures and executives: Each region had its own House of Assembly and Executive Council responsible for governing regional affairs. This made regional governments more powerful and responsive to local needs, reducing overdependence on the central authority.

(v) Introduction of fiscal federalism (revenue allocation system): The constitution allowed regions to control a significant portion of their internally generated revenue and also receive statutory allocations. This financial independence strengthened regional governments and reinforced the federal principle of power distribution.
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(8)
(i) Suspension of democratic institutions: Military coups often led to the suspension or complete abolition of democratic institutions such as the legislature and political parties. This interrupted democratic governance and prevented the steady growth of democratic culture.

(ii) Disruption of constitutional rule: Military regimes replaced constitutions with decrees, making the rule of law subordinate to military authority. This weakened constitutional democracy and encouraged arbitrary governance.

(iii) Weak political party development: Frequent military rule disrupted the continuous development of political parties, as parties were banned, dissolved, or tightly controlled. This prevented the emergence of strong, stable party systems necessary for democracy.

(iv) Culture of authoritarianism: Military governments were hierarchical and autocratic in nature, promoting obedience rather than participation. This culture discouraged democratic values such as accountability, debate, and citizen participation.

(v) Erosion of democratic institutions and trust: Repeated military takeovers weakened public confidence in democratic governance and institutions. Many citizens became politically disengaged, believing that elected governments could easily be overthrown, thereby slowing democratic consolidation.
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(9)
(i) Recognition of indigenous political institutions: The Policy of Association allowed African traditional rulers and institutions to continue operating within the colonial system. Unlike Assimilation, which tried to replace local structures with French institutions, Association preserved native authorities, thereby enabling locals to participate through their existing governance systems.

(ii) Indirect rule and involvement of local chiefs: Under Association, colonial administration relied heavily on indirect rule, where local chiefs acted as intermediaries between the colonial government and the people. This increased local involvement in administration and decision-making at the grassroots level.

(iii) Respect for customary laws and traditions: Association permitted the use of customary laws in local matters such as land tenure, marriage, and inheritance. This allowed indigenous people to participate in governance based on their cultural norms, unlike Assimilation which imposed French civil law.

(iv) Limited cultural interference by colonial authorities: The Policy of Association tolerated African cultures, languages, and religions, reducing resistance and encouraging local cooperation. This cultural respect made governance more acceptable and participatory for the local population.

(v) Training and gradual inclusion of Africans in administration: Association encouraged gradual participation of Africans in lower levels of administration through advisory councils and local offices. This created a pathway for political development and experience in governance, unlike Assimilation which aimed at full cultural and administrative integration into French systems.
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(10)
(i) First truly nationalist political organization: The Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM), founded in 1934, was one of the earliest political movements that promoted nationalism beyond ethnic and regional interests. It helped to shift political consciousness from loyalty to ethnic groups to the idea of a united Nigerian nation, which was essential for independence.

(ii) Promotion of political awareness and education: The NYM educated Nigerians on colonial policies and encouraged active participation in political affairs. Through newspapers, debates, and public campaigns, it raised awareness about colonial injustices and the need for self-government.

(iii) Inclusion of educated elites in politics: The movement brought together prominent educated Nigerians such as Nnamdi Azikiwe and H.O. Davies. Their involvement helped to provide intellectual leadership and strategic direction for the nationalist struggle, strengthening the movement for independence.

(iv) Electoral participation and political competition: The NYM actively participated in elections, especially in Lagos, where it won major political contests in the 1938 Legislative Council elections. This demonstrated that Africans could organize politically and compete effectively, laying the foundation for democratic participation.

(v) Foundation for later nationalist movements and parties: Although it later declined due to internal divisions, the NYM provided a training ground for future nationalist leaders and movements. Many of its members later joined or formed major political parties that eventually led Nigeria to independence in 1960.
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