WAEC GEOGRAPHY ANSWERS

GEOGRAPHY-OBJ
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GEOGRAPHY THEORY ANSWERS

(1a)
[PICK ANY FIVE]
(i) Lack of access to finance: Many small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries struggle to access finance due to limited financial infrastructure, restrictive lending policies, and high-interest rates.

(ii) Poor infrastructure: Developing countries often lack adequate infrastructure, such as reliable power, transportation, and communication systems, which can hinder the growth of industries.

(iii) Limited access to technology: Many developing countries have limited access to technology and knowledge, which can make it difficult for industries to adopt more advanced production methods and improve efficiency.

(iv) Inadequate policy and legal frameworks: Developing countries often lack policies and legal frameworks that support the growth of industries and protect businesses from external factors such as corruption and unfair competition.

(v) Limited human resources: Developing countries often face a shortage of skilled and educated workers, which can limit the growth and productivity of industrial sectors.

(iv) Political instability: Ongoing political conflict, social unrest, and unstable governance can create uncertainty and discourage foreign investment, which can hinder the growth of industrial sectors.

(1b)
[PICK ANY FIVE]
(i) Access to finance: Improved access to finance through microfinance institutions, government loan programs, and foreign investment can provide capital for industries to expand and invest in new technologies and equipment.

(ii) Infrastructure development: Investment in infrastructure such as transportation networks, power generation, and communication systems can provide the necessary foundations for industrial growth.

(iii) Technology transfer: International partnerships and knowledge-sharing programs can facilitate the transfer of technology and expertise to support local industries.

(iv) Favorable policy and legal frameworks: The development of favorable policies and legal frameworks that promote competition, provide incentives for investment, and protect businesses can create an enabling environment for industrial growth.

(v) Education and training: Investment in education and training programs can improve human capital and develop a skilled workforce that supports the growth and productivity of industrial sectors.

(vi) Political stability and security: Improved political stability and security can reduce uncertainty and create a favorable climate for foreign investment and industrial growth.

 

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(2a)
[PICK ANY FIVE]
(i) Sparse population density: rural areas in tropical Africa typically have a low population density compared to urban areas.
(ii) Agriculture-based economy: most rural settlements in tropical Africa are engaged in agricultural activities such as crop cultivation and livestock farming.
(iii) Subsistence farming: rural communities in tropical Africa typically engage in subsistence farming, where they produce only enough food to meet their daily needs.
(iv) Traditional housing: rural dwellings in tropical Africa are typically made from locally sourced materials such as mud, thatch, and wood.
(v) Limited access to modern amenities: rural areas often lack access to modern amenities such as clean water, electricity, and healthcare facilities.
(vi) Strong communal bonds: rural communities in tropical Africa tend to have strong communal bonds with shared goals and values.

(2b)
[PICK ANY FIVE]
(i) Marketing and distribution of agricultural products from rural areas to urban areas
(ii) Provision of services such as healthcare, education, and financial services by urban centers
(iii) Supply of manufactured goods and consumer products to rural areas
(iv) Migration from rural areas to urban centers in search of better economic opportunities and education
(v) Investment by urban businesses in rural areas, particularly in agriculture
(vi) Policy decisions made by urban governments that affect rural areas, such as land use policies and infrastructure development.

 

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(4a)
Internal trade refers to the buying and selling of goods and services within the geographical boundaries of a country. It involves the exchange of goods and services between different regions, states or cities within the country.

(4b)
(i) Poor infrastructure: Nigeria’s poor road network, insufficient transport systems, and inadequate storage facilities make it difficult to move goods from one location to another, resulting in delays, high transportation costs, and damage to goods.

(ii) Regulatory challenges: The lack of a transparent and consistent regulatory framework for internal trade in Nigeria has led to a proliferation of informal markets and smuggling. This results in unfair competition for formal businesses, loss of government revenue, and reduced consumer protection.

(iii) Multiple taxation: The multiplicity of taxes imposed on traders, including local government levies, state taxes, and federal duties, makes trading in Nigeria very expensive, reducing profitability for traders.

(iv) Inadequate access to credit: Many traders in Nigeria do not have access to affordable credit, making it difficult for them to expand their businesses, meet their financial obligations, and access new markets.

(v) Corruption: Bribery and extortion of traders by government officials, security forces, and market leaders have been a persistent problem in Nigeria, discouraging many from engaging in formal internal trade.

(vi) Insecurity: Insurgency, banditry, and other forms of violence in different parts of Nigeria have adversely affected internal trade, discouraging traders from entering certain regions, causing loss of life and property, and disrupting supply chains.

(4c)
(i) Economic growth: Internal trade drives economic growth by promoting the exchange of goods and services between regions, stimulating competition, encouraging innovation, and creating jobs.

(ii) Poverty reduction: Internal trade provides income and employment opportunities for many Nigerians, particularly those in the informal sector, helping to reduce poverty in the country.

(iii) Regional integration: Internal trade promotes regional integration by encouraging the exchange of goods and services between different regions, enhancing economic cooperation and social cohesion.

(iv) Enhanced food security: Internal trade promotes access to food in different regions, ensuring that people have enough food to eat, no matter where they live. This is particularly important in times of food shortages or when certain foods are unavailable in a particular region.

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(6a)

 

(6b)
(i) Cultural and Recreational Significance: Rivers hold cultural and recreational value in Nigeria. They are often considered sacred or significant in local traditions and folklore. Additionally, rivers provide opportunities for recreational activities such as fishing, boating, and water sports, attracting tourists and promoting local economies.
(ii) Transportation and Trade: Rivers serve as important transportation routes for both goods and people. Nigerian rivers facilitate inland navigation, connecting various regions and enabling the movement of goods, such as agricultural produce, minerals, and manufactured products. The Niger River, for instance, has been a vital trade route for centuries
(iii) Irrigation and Agriculture: Nigerian rivers play a crucial role in supporting agricultural activities. They provide water for irrigation, allowing farmers to cultivate crops even during dry seasons. River systems like the Sokoto-Rima and the Hadejia-Jama’are have been instrumental in supporting agricultural practices in northern Nigeria.

(6c)
(i) Fishing and Aquaculture: Rivers in Nigeria support vibrant fishing and aquaculture industries. They provide habitats for a diverse range of fish species, contributing to the country’s fish production
(ii) Agriculture and Irrigation: Rivers are crucial for agriculture, providing water for irrigation. Nigerian farmers rely on rivers to irrigate their fields, enabling the cultivation of crops even during dry seasons
(iii) Transportation: Rivers serve as natural transportation routes, facilitating the movement of goods and people. In Nigeria, rivers like the Niger, the Benue, and the Cross River are utilized for inland navigation, allowing for the transport of goods, including agricultural produce, minerals, and manufactured products
(iv) Hydropower Generation: Nigerian rivers have great potential for hydropower generation. Hydroelectric power plants harness the energy of flowing water to generate electricity. Rivers such as the Niger, the Benue, and the Ogun have been tapped for hydropower, contributing to Nigeria’s electricity generation capacity and reducing reliance on fossil fuels.

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