COMMERCE SOLUTIONS
COMMERCE OBJ
01-10: BCEBECECEE
11-20: CECDCABADA
21-30: BAADBEEADA
31-40: DDCAABBBDE
41-50: CCCDAEAAEE
51-60: ABCACECEDC
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INSTRUCTION: ANSWER FIVE(5) QUESTIONS ONLY
(1a)
Trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between two or more parties, typically involving the buying and selling of products.
(1b)
(PICK ANY SIX)
(i) Home trade occurs within the borders of a single country while Foreign trade involves the exchange of goods and services across international borders.
(ii) Home trade is subject to the regulations and policies of a single country whereas Foreign trade is influenced by the trade policies, tariffs, and regulations of multiple countries.
(iii) In home trade, the domestic currency is used for transactions while In foreign trade, transactions often involve multiple currencies.
(iv) Home trade involves parties within the same cultural and linguistic context while Foreign trade may involve parties with different languages, cultures, and business practices.
(v) Home trade typically involves shorter transportation distances and simpler logistics while Foreign trade requires more complex logistics, including international shipping, customs procedures, and coordination across borders.
(vi) Home trade is generally subject to a lower degree of political and economic risk while Foreign trade may involve higher levels of risk due to currency fluctuations, geopolitical issues, and international regulations.
(vii) Home trade is relatively free from international trade barriers while Foreign trade may encounter trade barriers such as tariffs, quotas, and trade restrictions imposed by different countries
(viii) The market size in home trade is limited to the population of a single country while Foreign trade provides access to larger and diverse international markets.
(1c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) China
(ii) United States
(iii) Germany
(iv) Japan
(v) United Kingdom
(vi) France
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(2)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Exchange of goods and services: One of the main functions of commerce is to facilitate the exchange of goods and services between buyers and sellers. Commerce provides a platform for businesses and consumers to engage in transactions and trade a wide range of products and services.
(ii) Promotion of economic growth: Commerce plays a crucial role in stimulating economic growth by generating income and employment opportunities. By encouraging trade and investment, commerce helps to increase overall productivity, expand markets, and foster innovation.
(iii) Creation of utility: Commerce adds value to goods and services by enhancing their utility. Through processes like manufacturing, packaging, branding, and distribution, commerce transforms raw materials into finished products that meet consumers’ needs and preferences.
(iv) Price determination: Commerce establishes prices through the interaction of supply and demand forces. The market forces of commerce help determine the fair value of goods and services, balancing the interests of buyers and sellers. Price determination is vital for economic efficiency and to allocate resources effectively.
(v) Facilitation of international trade: Commerce promotes international trade by facilitating the exchange of goods and services across national borders. It enables countries to access foreign markets, diversify their sources of supply, and foster economic interdependence among nations.
(vi) Financial intermediation: Commerce provides a platform for financial intermediaries, such as banks and investment firms, to facilitate transactions and provide various financial services. These intermediaries play a crucial role in mobilizing savings, providing credit, managing risks, and promoting investments.
(vii) Distribution and logistics: Commerce encompasses transportation, warehousing, and logistics services that ensure the smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers. It involves activities like inventory management, transportation planning, shipping, and delivery, which are essential for efficient supply chains and timely availability of products.
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(3a)
(i) Articles of Association:
Articles of Association are a set of rules and regulations that govern the internal management and operations of a company. They are a crucial component of the company’s constitution and work in conjunction with the memorandum of association. Articles of Association outline the rights, responsibilities, and powers of the company’s members and directors. These articles cover various aspects, including share transfers, appointment of directors, conduct of meetings, and distribution of profits.
(ii) Partnership Business:
A partnership is a business structure where two or more individuals manage and operate a business in accordance with the terms and objectives set out in a Partnership Deed. In a partnership, each partner is personally liable for the debts and liabilities of the business. Partnerships are flexible and easy to establish, making them suitable for small and medium-sized enterprises. The partners share profits and losses, and the business income is reported on their individual tax returns.
(iii) Limited Liability Company (LLC):
A Limited Liability Company (LLC) is a business structure that combines elements of both a corporation and a partnership. One of the key advantages of an LLC is that it provides limited liability protection to its owners (members), meaning their personal assets are generally protected from business debts and liabilities. LLCs also offer flexibility in management structure and are subject to pass-through taxation, where profits and losses are passed through to the individual members’ tax returns.
(iv) Certificate of Trading:
The term “Certificate of Trading” is not a standard concept in business terminology. It might refer to a document issued by a business or government entity to confirm that a particular business is engaged in trading activities. This certificate could be used for various purposes, such as obtaining licenses, opening bank accounts, or participating in trade-related activities.
(3b)
(i) Both public and private limited companies are legal entities that are created by incorporating under the relevant corporate laws of a country. They must adhere to the regulations and requirements set forth by the government.
(ii) Both types of companies provide limited liability protection to their shareholders or members. This means that the personal assets of the owners are generally shielded from the company’s debts and liabilities.
(iii) Public and private limited companies are considered separate legal entities distinct from their owners. This separation allows the company to enter into contracts, own assets, and incur liabilities in its own name.
(iv) Both types of companies have a corporate structure that includes shareholders or members, a board of directors, and officers. The board of directors is responsible for making major decisions and overseeing the company’s management.
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(4a)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Risk of Bad Debt: One significant disadvantage of credit sales is the increased risk of bad debt. When customers are allowed to buy on credit, there is a chance that they may default on payments, leading to financial losses for the seller.
(ii) Cash Flow Issues: Credit sales can create cash flow problems for businesses, especially small enterprises. The delay in receiving cash payments can affect the company’s ability to meet immediate financial obligations such as paying suppliers or covering operational costs.
(iii) Interest Costs: If the seller finances the credit sales through loans or credit lines, they may incur interest costs. These additional expenses can eat into the profit margins of the business.
(iv) Administrative Burden: Managing credit sales requires additional administrative work, including credit checks, documentation, and tracking payment schedules. This can be time-consuming and may require additional staffing or resources.
(v) Opportunity Cost: By extending credit to customers, a business might miss out on potential investment opportunities that could arise if the funds tied up in accounts receivable were available for other uses.
(vi) Market Competition: Offering credit terms is a common practice, and businesses that do not provide credit may face a competitive disadvantage. However, the risks associated with credit sales can outweigh the benefits if not managed carefully.
(vii) Dependence on Customer Payments: The timely collection of payments becomes crucial for businesses relying on credit sales. Delays or defaults in payments can impact the financial stability of the seller, potentially leading to liquidity issues
(4b)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) In hire purchase, the buyer becomes the owner of the asset once all payments are made while In deferred payment, ownership is transferred to the buyer immediately, and payments are made after the purchase.
(ii) Hire purchase involves periodic payments over a specified period, while deferred payment allows the buyer to take possession of the goods with an agreement to pay in the future, often in a lump sum.
(iii) The risk of ownership lies with the seller in deferred payment until full payment is received whereas In hire purchase, the buyer assumes the risk of ownership from the beginning.
(iv) In hire purchase, if the buyer defaults on payments, the seller can repossess the asset while In deferred payment, legal actions for non-payment may be pursued, but repossession is not as straightforward.
(v) Deferred payment plans may offer more flexibility in terms of payment schedules compared to hire purchase, which often has fixed installment amounts.
(vi) Interest charges in hire purchase are often explicitly stated, and the buyer pays interest on the outstanding balance while In deferred payment, interest may be implicit in the final price, and it’s not separately disclosed.
(vii) In hire purchase, the buyer is responsible for the maintenance and depreciation of the asset while In deferred payment, the seller retains responsibility until full payment is received.
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(5a)
Non-indemnity insurance refers to a type of insurance where the insured receives a predetermined fixed amount in case of a covered event, regardless of the actual financial loss incurred.
(5b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Risk Mitigation
(ii) Financial security
(iii) Encourages Savings and Investment
(iv) Promotes economic stability
(v) Legal Compliance
(vi) Facilitates business continuity
EXPLANATIONS;
(i) Risk Mitigation:
Insurance helps individuals and businesses mitigate financial risks by providing financial compensation in the event of covered losses. This allows policyholders to transfer the risk of unexpected events to the insurance company.
(ii) Financial Security:
Insurance provides a sense of financial security by offering compensation for losses or damages. This security is crucial for individuals and businesses to navigate uncertainties without facing severe financial hardships.
(iii) Encourages Savings and Investment:
Life insurance policies, particularly those with a savings or investment component, encourage individuals to save and invest for the future. It serves as a tool for long-term financial planning.
Promotes
(iv) Economic Stability:
Insurance plays a vital role in promoting economic stability. By absorbing and spreading risks across a large pool of policyholders, insurance companies contribute to the overall stability of the economy.
(v) Legal Compliance:
Certain types of insurance, such as auto insurance, are mandatory by law in many places. This ensures that individuals take responsibility for their actions and have the financial means to compensate others in case of accidents.
(vi) Facilitates Business Continuity:
Businesses often rely on various types of insurance to protect against operational disruptions caused by unforeseen events. Business interruption insurance, for example, helps cover the financial losses incurred during a temporary shutdown due to covered perils, allowing the business to resume operations more smoothly
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(6a)
A jobber refers to an individual or firm that specializes in buying and selling securities (stocks, bonds, commodities, etc.) with the primary objective of making profits through short-term price movements.
(6b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Equity Securities:
These represent ownership in a company and can take the form of common stock or preferred stock. Owners of equity securities are entitled to a share in the company’s profits and may have voting rights at shareholder meetings.
(ii) Debt Securities:
Debt securities, such as bonds and debentures, represent loans made by investors to governments, municipalities, or corporations. Investors receive periodic interest payments and the return of principal at maturity.
(iii) Derivative Securities:
Derivatives derive their value from an underlying asset, index, or rate. Common types include options and futures contracts. They are often used for hedging, speculation, or managing risk in financial markets.
(iv) Government Securities:
These are debt securities issued by governments to raise funds. Treasury bills, bonds, and notes are examples. They are considered low-risk investments, especially when issued by stable governments.
(v) Preferred Securities:
Preferred stock combines features of both equity and debt securities. It represents ownership in a company but usually comes with a fixed dividend rate, giving it characteristics of a debt instrument.
(vi) Convertible Securities:
Convertible securities, such as convertible bonds or convertible preferred stock, allow investors to convert their securities into a predetermined number of common shares. This provides flexibility and potential for capital appreciation.
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(7)
(i) Post Restante: Post Restante is a service provided by the postal system where mail can be held at a post office for pickup by the recipient. It is particularly useful when someone is temporarily away from their usual address or when they don’t have a permanent address. The recipient can go to the designated post office and present identification to collect their mail.
(ii) Postal Order: A postal order is a financial instrument issued by a postal service. It is a secure and convenient way to make payments or send money through the mail. Postal orders are like prepaid vouchers that can be used to pay for goods and services or sent as a form of payment to someone else. They are widely accepted and can be exchanged for cash at post offices.
(iii) Worldwide Website: A worldwide website, also known as a global website, is a website that is accessible and relevant to users around the world. It is designed to cater to an international audience, providing content and services that can be understood and utilized by people from different countries and cultures. Worldwide websites often offer multilingual options, localized content, and currency conversion to enhance the user experience for visitors from various regions.
(iv) Courier Service: A courier service is a specialized delivery service that offers fast, secure, and reliable transportation of packages, documents, and other items. Unlike regular mail services, courier services prioritize speed and efficiency, often providing same-day or next-day delivery options. They typically offer tracking capabilities, insurance options, and personalized customer service to ensure the safe and timely delivery of shipments.
(v) Registered Letter: A registered letter is a type of mail that provides proof of mailing and delivery. When a letter is sent as registered mail, it is assigned a unique tracking number and requires the recipient’s signature upon delivery. This provides an added level of security and accountability, making it ideal for important or valuable documents. Registered letters are often used for legal documents, contracts, or sensitive correspondence.
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(8a)
Marketing is a comprehensive set of activities and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large.
(8b)
(i) Reach and Exposure: Advertising allows businesses to reach a large audience, increasing exposure to potential customers. Through various channels such as television, radio, print, and digital media, advertising can target diverse demographics.
(ii) Brand Awareness: Advertising contributes significantly to building and maintaining brand awareness. Consistent and well-executed advertising campaigns help consumers remember and recognize a brand, leading to increased trust and loyalty.
(iii) Educating Consumers: Advertising is an effective way to educate consumers about products, services, and their benefits. It provides information on features, uses, and advantages, helping consumers make informed purchasing decisions.
(iv) Competitive Advantage: Through advertising, businesses can showcase their unique selling points and differentiate themselves from competitors. This competitive edge can be crucial in saturated markets.
(v) Sales Boost: Well-crafted advertising campaigns can stimulate demand and drive sales. By creating a sense of urgency or offering promotions, advertising encourages consumers to take immediate action, leading to increased sales.
(vi) Economic Benefits: Advertising contributes to the overall economy by supporting media outlets, creating jobs in the advertising industry, and driving economic activity through increased consumption.
(8c)
(i) Message: The content and information that the advertiser wants to convey to the target audience. This includes the creative elements, such as visuals, copy, and the overall tone of the advertisement.
(ii) Media: The channels or platforms used to deliver the advertising message to the target audience. This can include traditional media such as television, radio, and print, as well as digital media like social media, websites, and online platforms.
(iii) Target Audience: The specific group of people or demographic that the advertising campaign aims to reach and influence. Understanding the target audience is crucial for crafting messages that resonate with their needs and preferences.
(iv) Feedback: The responses and reactions from the audience after exposure to the advertising message. Feedback helps advertisers assess the effectiveness of their campaigns, make necessary adjustments, and understand consumer perceptions and behaviors.
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