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HISTORY OBJ
01-10: ECACABDADB
11-20: AECCBEBDBC
21-30: CECEBEEBCB
31-40: CABEDCACAD
41-50: BBEACBDABB
51-60: ACCEAADBDA

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(1)
(i) Limited time frame: Archaeology can only provide data from the past, and its reach is limited to the availability of physical and material remains.

(ii) Lack of written records: In non-literate societies, like ancient Nigeria, archaeology relies solely on material remains to reconstruct history.

(iii) Theoretical perspectives: Archaeology is a diverse field with different theoretical approaches, which can lead to varying interpretations of the past.

(iv) Incomplete picture: Archaeological evidence may not provide a comprehensive understanding of the past, requiring historians to supplement with other sources like oral tradition and written records.

(v) Destruction of evidence: Archaeological evidence can be destroyed or degraded over time due to natural processes or human activities, limiting its availability and usefulness.

(vi) Focus on material culture: Archaeology primarily focuses on physical remains, making it challenging to understand non-material aspects of culture, like language, beliefs, and practices.

(vii) Specialized expertise: Interpreting archaeological evidence requires a range of skills, including knowledge of historical context, cultural practices, and scientific techniques.

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(4)
(i) Muslim preachers and scholars living among the people: Muslim preachers and scholars lived among the Yoruba people, allowing them to build relationships, understand the local culture, and share their faith effectively.

(ii) Itinerant preaching: Muslim scholars and preachers traveled throughout Yorubaland, preaching and teaching about Islam in markets, towns, and villages.

(iii) Literary works: Islamic scholars used literary works, such as books and pamphlets, to spread Islamic teachings and ideas.

(iv) Trade relations and cultural exchange: Trade relations and cultural exchange between Yoruba, Hausa, and Nupe communities helped spread Islamic ideas and practices.

(v) Growth of Sufism: The growth of Sufism in Yorubaland emphasized spiritual purification, mysticism, and personal devotion, making Islam more appealing to many Yoruba people.

(vi) Modernization of Islamic education: The modernization of Islamic education in cities like Ilorin made it more accessible, organized, and appealing to many Yoruba people.

(vii) Influence of colonialism: Colonialism led to increased conversion to Islam, as many Yoruba people sought to associate with the dominant global power and access education and economic opportunities.

(viii) Public preaching: Public preaching became an integral part of Yoruba mass culture, making Islam more visible, attractive, and accessible to many people.

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(6)
(i) Spiritual leadership: Usman Dan Fodio’s leadership as “Commander of the Faithful” (Amir al-Mu’minin) united the emirates under a single spiritual authority, providing a shared sense of purpose and direction.

(ii) Loose confederation: The emirates maintained a degree of autonomy, managing their internal affairs while acknowledging the Caliphate’s overall authority. This allowed for local self-governance and flexibility.

(iii) Centralized dispute resolution: Succession disputes and other important matters were referred to Sokoto for resolution, fostering unity and stability. This ensured that conflicts were addressed in a fair and consistent manner.

(iv) Colonial influence: During the colonial era, the British indirect rule policy maintained the Caliphate’s structure, utilizing traditional leaders and institutions. This helped preserve the Caliphate’s unity and influence.

(v) Centrality of the Sultan: The Sultan of Sokoto remained a unifying figure, holding significant political and spiritual influence across Northern Nigeria. The Sultan’s leadership helped maintain cohesion and coordination among the emirates.

(vi) Shared legal framework: The Maliki school of law was widely applied, providing a common legal foundation across the emirates. This shared legal framework facilitated cooperation and consistency in governance.

(vii) Decentralization of power: Legislative and executive functions were distributed among local, state, and federal bodies, ensuring a balance of power and promoting cooperation among the emirates. This decentralization prevented any one emirate from dominating the others.

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(8)
(i) Political instability and power struggle: The war was sparked by a military coup in 1966, which led to a power vacuum and a struggle for control between different military factions and political groups.

(ii) Ethnic tensions: Nigeria is a multi-ethnic country with over 250 ethnic groups. The war was largely fought between the Igbo people (who dominated the eastern region) and the Hausa-Fulani and Yoruba people (who dominated the northern and western regions).

(iii) Economic inequality: The eastern region felt marginalized and excluded from the country’s economic wealth, leading to feelings of resentment and grievances.

(iv) Resource control: The war was also fought over control of Nigeria’s rich oil resources, which were largely located in the eastern region.

(v) Secession and territorial disputes: The Igbo-led eastern region declared independence as the Republic of Biafra, leading to a conflict over territorial boundaries and sovereignty.

(vi) Historical grievances: Past conflicts, injustices, and perceived slights contributed to the tensions leading up to the war.

(vii) Military interventions: The involvement of the military in politics and the series of coups and counter-coups created an atmosphere of instability and violence.

(viii) Foreign interference: The war was also influenced by Cold War politics, with various foreign powers providing support to different sides in the conflict.

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(9)
(i) Creation of 12 states: To reduce the influence of the eastern region and prevent secession, General Gowon divided Nigeria’s three regions into 12 states.

(ii) End of the civil war: Gowon led the federal government to victory in the civil war, defeating the secessionist state of Biafra.

(iii) Program of reconciliation: After the war, Gowon announced a program of reconciliation, reconstruction, and rehabilitation to heal wounds and rebuild the nation.

(iv) Economic boom: During Gowon’s rule, Nigeria experienced an oil-fueled economic boom, and the government’s revenues increased significantly.

(v) Expansion of the army: The military expanded in size and technological sophistication during Gowon’s rule.

(vi) Birth of the air force: The Nigerian Air Force was established during the civil war.

(vii) Indigenization decree: Gowon’s regime introduced an indigenization decree that reserved key sectors of the economy for Nigerian businesses and restricted foreign investment.

(viii) Promoted national unity: Gowon promoted national unity, famously declaring “no victor, no vanquished” after the civil war.

(ix) Leadership during the civil war: Gowon played a key role in leading the federal government’s efforts during the civil war.

(x) Longest-serving head of state: At the time, Gowon was the longest-serving head of state in Nigeria’s history, ruling for nearly nine years.

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