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SECTION A: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
(1)
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) Relational Databases
(ii) NoSQL Databases
(iii) Object-Oriented Databases
(iv) Hierarchical Databases
(v) Network Databases
(vi) Distributed Databases
(vii) Graph Databases
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(2a)
The significant design feature of a relational database is its structure of organizing data into tables with rows and columns. Relationships between tables are defined using primary keys and foreign keys, ensuring data integrity and eliminating redundancy.
(2b)
A database is a collection of related files that stores and organizes data in multiple files or tables, which are interconnected through relationships. These relationships allow seamless integration and retrieval of data across different files, ensuring consistency and ease of access while reducing duplication.
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(3)
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) Writing and testing code for software applications
(ii) Debugging and troubleshooting program errors
(iii) Designing algorithms and flowcharts for problem-solving
(iv) Collaborating with other team members to develop system requirements
(v) Maintaining and updating existing software programs
(vi) Ensuring software security and data protection
(vii) Documenting code and creating technical manuals.
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(4a)
A database is an organized collection of data that can be easily accessed, managed, and updated, while a data bank is a central repository or archive that stores large quantities of data for reference or analysis, often without active management.
(4b)
(PICK TWO ONLY)
(i) Batteries
(ii) Generators
(iii) Solar Power Systems
(iv) Power Inverters
(v) Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
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(5)
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) Efficiency in operation
(ii) Reliability of performance
(iii) Flexibility to adapt to changes
(iv) Scalability for future growth
(v) Integration of components for seamless interaction
(vi) Security to protect data and resources
(vii) User-friendliness for ease of use.
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(6a)
A deterministic system operates predictably with outcomes determined by initial conditions and rules, while a probabilistic system incorporates randomness, making outcomes uncertain and dependent on probabilities.
(6b)
=USES OF PERT=
(PICK TWO ONLY)
(i) Scheduling and planning complex projects
(ii) Estimating project completion time
(iii) Identifying critical paths and dependencies
(iv) Optimizing resource allocation
(v) Analyzing potential delays and risks
=USES OF GANTT=
(PICK TWO ONLY)
(i) Visualizing project timelines and tasks
(ii) Tracking project progress over time
(iii) Managing task dependencies
(iv) Allocating resources effectively
(v) Communicating project plans to stakeholders.
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(7a)
A cascading menu is a type of menu in graphical user interfaces where submenus appear or cascade from a main menu item when hovered over or clicked, allowing users to access additional options in a hierarchical structure.
(7b)
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) Architecture
(ii) Engineering
(iii) Construction
(iv) Manufacturing
(v) Urban planning
(vi) Interior design
(vii) Automotive design.
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(8)
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) Execution time
(ii) Memory usage
(iii) Code complexity
(iv) Scalability
(v) Energy consumption
(vi) Input/output performance
(vii) Error rates and reliability.
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(9)
(i) Protection of hardware: Fire prevention equipment helps safeguard expensive computer equipment from fire damage, ensuring the longevity of devices like servers, workstations, and storage systems.
(ii) Data integrity: By preventing fires, the equipment ensures that critical data stored on computer systems remains intact and accessible without the risk of loss due to fire damage.
(iii) Safety of personnel: Fire prevention equipment provides a safe environment for employees and operators working in the computer room, reducing the risk of injury or fatalities.
(iv) Minimizing downtime: Fires can lead to significant downtime, but fire prevention systems reduce the likelihood of fire-related incidents, helping to maintain continuous operations.
(v) Compliance with safety standards: Many regulations and standards require the installation of fire suppression systems in environments with sensitive and expensive equipment, ensuring legal compliance and safety.
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(10)
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system
(ii) Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system
(iii) Supply Chain Management (SCM) system
(iv) Human Resource Management System (HRMS)
(v) Financial Management System (FMS)
(vi) Decision Support System (DSS)
(vii) Executive Information System (EIS).
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SECTION B: ANSWER FIVE QUESTIONS ONLY
(11a)
A Management Information System (MIS) is a computerized system used to collect, process, store, and disseminate information to support decision-making and management functions within an organization. It helps in organizing data to improve efficiency and effectiveness in various business operations.
(11b)
(i) Data Encryption: Encrypting sensitive data both in transit and at rest to protect it from unauthorized access.
(ii) Access Control: Implementing user authentication and authorization mechanisms, such as passwords, biometrics, and role-based access, to restrict data access only to authorized personnel.
(iii) Regular Backups: Performing frequent data backups to ensure data recovery in case of a breach, system failure, or disaster.
(iv) Audit Trails: Maintaining logs of all access and modifications to the database to detect and track any unauthorized or suspicious activity.
(v) Firewalls and Anti-malware: Using firewalls, antivirus software, and intrusion detection systems to block unauthorized network access and prevent malware attacks.
(vi) Data Masking: Obscuring sensitive data fields in non-production environments to prevent exposure during testing or development.
(vii) Training and Awareness: Educating users about data security protocols, phishing attacks, and secure handling of sensitive information to reduce human errors and breaches.
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(12a)
A feasibility study is an analysis conducted to assess the practicality and viability of a proposed project or system. It evaluates whether the project can be successfully implemented, considering factors such as technical, financial, operational, and legal aspects to determine if it is worth pursuing.
(12b)
(PICK THREE ONLY)
(i) Technical Feasibility: Assessing whether the proposed system or project can be implemented with the existing technology and technical resources.
(ii) Economic Feasibility: Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of the project, considering the investment required and the potential financial benefits.
(iii) Operational Feasibility: Determining if the proposed system can be integrated into the current business operations without major disruptions.
(iv) Legal Feasibility: Ensuring that the project complies with relevant laws, regulations, and standards.
(v) Schedule Feasibility: Analyzing if the project can be completed within the required time frame.
(vi) Market Feasibility: Assessing the demand for the product or service and determining if there is a sufficient market to support it.
(vii) Resource Feasibility: Investigating whether the necessary resources, such as skilled labor, equipment, and materials, are available for the project.
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(13a)
The security of data refers to the protection of data from unauthorized access, alteration, disclosure, destruction, or loss. It involves implementing measures to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data.
(13b)
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) Cyberattacks
(ii) Human error
(iii) Natural disasters
(iv) Data breaches
(v) System failures
(vi) Malware and viruses
(vii) Inadequate security policies
(13c)
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) Implementing strong encryption methods for data storage and transmission.
(ii) Regularly backing up data to ensure recovery in case of loss.
(iii) Using firewalls and antivirus software to protect against cyberattacks and malware.
(iv) Training employees on best practices for data security and safe usage.
(v) Applying strict access control policies, ensuring only authorized personnel can access sensitive data.
(vi) Installing and maintaining up-to-date security patches and software updates.
(vii) Conducting regular security audits and vulnerability assessments to identify and address potential weaknesses.
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(14a)
Decision-making in computer organization refers to the process of choosing the best course of action or solution based on the analysis of data and available information, aided by computer systems or software.
(14b)
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) Identifying the problem
(ii) Gathering relevant information
(iii) Analyzing the information
(iv) Developing alternatives
(v) Evaluating alternatives
(vi) Making the decision
(vii) Implementing the decision
(14c)
(PICK TWO ONLY)
(i) Identifying the problem: This involves recognizing and defining the issue that needs resolution. A clear understanding of the problem is essential to making the right decision. It requires careful observation and analysis of the current situation to pinpoint the core issue.
(ii) Gathering relevant information: This step involves collecting all necessary data, facts, and insights that are required to address the problem. Information can be gathered from various sources such as reports, research, and expert opinions. The goal is to ensure that decisions are based on accurate and comprehensive data.
(iii) Analyzing the information: Once information is gathered, it must be carefully analyzed. This involves identifying patterns, correlations, and implications, as well as evaluating the quality and reliability of the data. The analysis helps in understanding the root causes and potential impacts of different decision options.
(iv) Developing alternatives: Based on the analysis, different options or solutions are generated to address the problem. This stage encourages creativity and brainstorming to come up with multiple viable alternatives that can be evaluated further.
(v) Evaluating alternatives: In this step, the alternatives developed in the previous stage are assessed based on specific criteria, such as feasibility, cost, time, and potential outcomes. The goal is to compare the pros and cons of each alternative to determine the most suitable one for addressing the problem effectively.
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(15a)
An audit trail is a chronological record or log of all actions, events, or transactions that occur within a system. It is used to track user activities, system changes, and data modifications, providing transparency and accountability. An audit trail is essential for monitoring system usage, identifying security breaches, and ensuring compliance with regulatory standards.
(15b)
A validation check is a process used in data entry or system operations to ensure that the input data is accurate, complete, and conforms to predefined rules or formats. Validation checks help prevent errors, ensure data integrity, and improve the quality of data by verifying that it meets specific criteria, such as range limits, correct data types, or acceptable values.
(15c)
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) Accountability: An audit trail provides a clear record of who accessed the system, when, and what actions they performed, helping to hold users accountable for their activities.
(ii) Security Monitoring: It helps detect unauthorized access or suspicious activities, allowing for timely intervention and enhancing overall system security.
(iii) Compliance: Audit trails are often required by regulatory standards and industry best practices. They help organizations comply with legal and financial reporting requirements.
(iv) Troubleshooting: In case of system failures or issues, an audit trail provides valuable insights into the sequence of events, aiding in problem identification and resolution.
(v) Fraud Detection: It serves as an early warning system to identify fraudulent or malicious activities, allowing organizations to take corrective actions before significant damage occurs.
(vi) Data Integrity: An audit trail ensures that all changes made to data are tracked, providing assurance that no unauthorized modifications have occurred and maintaining the integrity of the data.
(vii) Risk Management: It allows organizations to assess and mitigate potential risks by tracking system access and usage patterns, helping to prevent misuse and security breaches.
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(16a)
(i) LINE Command: When using the LINE command to create a rectangle, you need to manually specify all four corners of the rectangle by entering each coordinate point individually. It involves more steps and precise control over each line segment.
(ii) RECTANG Command: The RECTANG command simplifies the process by allowing you to specify only two diagonal corners of the rectangle. AutoCAD automatically creates the four sides based on the corner points, making it faster and more efficient for creating a rectangle.
(16b)
The purpose of the TRIM command in AutoCAD is to remove or trim parts of objects that intersect or extend beyond a specified boundary. This command is used to clean up drawing elements by cutting away unwanted portions of objects based on other objects acting as a cutting boundary. It helps in refining designs and ensuring that lines and shapes meet the desired geometry.
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