NECO GCE GEOGRAPHY ANSWERS (ESSAY)

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SECTION A: ANSWER TWO QUESTIONS ONLY

(1a)
A settlement is a place where people live and carry out various human activities such as farming, trading, fishing, education and other occupations. It may be temporary or permanent and can be rural or urban.

(1b)
(i) Availability of water; A settlement should be located where there is an adequate supply of clean water for drinking, cooking, washing, farming and other domestic activities. Examples include areas near rivers, lakes and springs.
(ii) Relief and drainage; Areas with flat or gently sloping land are suitable for settlement because they make construction of buildings and roads easier. Well-drained areas should be preferred to avoid flooding and waterlogging.
(iii) Availability of fertile soil; Areas with fertile soil are suitable for settlement because they support agricultural activities and provide food and employment for the inhabitants.
(iv) Availability of transport facilities; A settlement should be located where there are accessible roads, railways or waterways. Good transport facilities make the movement of people, goods and services easier and encourage economic activities.

(1c)
(i) Employment opportunities; People move from rural areas to urban centres in search of better-paying jobs and improved sources of income.
(ii) Better social amenities; Urban areas attract people because of better access to schools, hospitals, electricity, pipe-borne water and other social facilities.
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(2a)
Industrial development refers to the growth and expansion of industries in a country through the establishment of factories, the use of modern technology, improved production methods and increased manufacturing activities.

(2b)
(i) Availability of coal deposits.
(ii) Availability of iron ore and other raw materials.
(iii) Adequate water supply.
(iv) Good transport network.

(2c)
(i) Employment generation; Industrial development creates job opportunities for skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workers in factories and related sectors. This helps to reduce unemployment and improve people’s standard of living.
(ii) Increase in national income; Industries produce goods and services that generate revenue for individuals, businesses and government through sales, taxes and other economic activities. This contributes to the growth of the national economy.
(iii) Provision of goods and services; Industrial development increases the production of essential goods such as food products, textiles, machinery, cement and vehicles. This makes goods more readily available and reduces dependence on imported products.
(iv) Development of infrastructure; The growth of industries encourages the provision of roads, electricity, water supply, communication facilities and other infrastructure. These facilities also benefit other sectors of the economy.
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(3a)
(i) Availability of raw materials; Pittsburgh is located near important deposits of coal and iron ore. Coal provides energy for industries, while iron ore is used in the production of steel. The availability of these raw materials encouraged the establishment and growth of iron and steel industries in the area.
(ii) Availability of water supply; The area is served by important rivers such as the Ohio, Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers. These rivers provide water needed for industrial processes, cooling machinery and other factory operations. They also serve as waterways for transporting raw materials and finished products.
(iii) Good transport network; Pittsburgh has a well-developed system of roads, railways and waterways. These facilities make it easy to transport raw materials to factories and distribute finished products to local and international markets. This encourages industrial growth and expansion.

(3b)
(i) Environmental pollution.
(ii) Shortage of raw materials.
(iii) High cost of production.
(iv) Inadequate power supply.

(3c)
(i) Provision of adequate electricity; Government should improve power supply and encourage industries to invest in alternative energy sources such as solar and gas to reduce production difficulties caused by inadequate electricity.
(ii) Proper waste management; Industries should adopt effective waste-disposal and treatment methods to prevent the release of harmful substances into the air, water and land, thereby reducing environmental pollution.
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SECTION B: ANSWER TWO(2) QUESTIONS ONLY

(4a)

(4b)
(i) Promotion of international trade; Air transportation facilitates the movement of goods such as perishable agricultural products, manufactured goods and valuable items to foreign markets. This encourages international trade and increases Nigeria’s foreign exchange earnings.
(ii) Development of tourism; Air transportation makes it easier for local and foreign tourists to travel to different parts of Nigeria. This encourages tourism, creates employment opportunities and generates income for hotels, restaurants and other businesses.
(iii) Employment generation; The aviation industry provides jobs for pilots, cabin crew, air traffic controllers, aircraft engineers, security personnel and other workers. It also creates indirect employment in hotels, transport services and airport-related businesses.
(iv) Attraction of foreign investment; Efficient air transportation makes it easier for foreign investors and business executives to travel to Nigeria for meetings and business activities. This encourages investment, promotes business relationships and contributes to economic growth.
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(5a)

(5b)
(5b)
(i) Transportation; Rivers provide waterways for the movement of people and goods from one place to another. They help transport agricultural produce, building materials and other commodities, thereby promoting trade and reducing transportation costs.
(ii) Fishing activities; Rivers provide habitats for fish and other aquatic organisms. Fishing creates employment and provides food and income for fishermen, fish traders and processors.
(iii) Agricultural activities; Rivers provide water for irrigation, especially during the dry season. This supports crop cultivation, increases agricultural production and provides water for livestock.
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(6a)
(i) Promotion of economic integration; ECOWAS aims to promote cooperation among member states by creating a common market where goods, services and capital can move more freely. This encourages trade and economic growth among West African countries.
(ii) Promotion of free movement of people; The organisation seeks to allow citizens of member states to travel, reside and establish businesses in other member countries with fewer restrictions. This promotes unity and cooperation among West African nations.
(iii) Promotion of industrial and agricultural development; ECOWAS aims to encourage the development of industries and agriculture through cooperation, investment and the sharing of technology. This helps increase production and improve the standard of living of citizens.
(iv) Maintenance of peace and security; ECOWAS seeks to prevent conflicts and promote peace and political stability among member states. It also supports peaceful settlement of disputes and assists countries affected by conflicts.

(6b)
(i) Introduction of ECOWAS passport; The introduction of the ECOWAS passport has made it easier for citizens of member states to travel within the sub-region.
(ii) Promotion of regional trade; ECOWAS has introduced trade liberalisation measures to reduce barriers to trade and encourage the exchange of goods among member states.
(iii) Peacekeeping operations; ECOWAS has intervened in conflicts and carried out peacekeeping operations in countries such as Liberia and Sierra Leone to restore peace and stability.
(iv) Establishment of regional institutions; ECOWAS has established institutions such as the West African Health Organisation (WAHO) and the ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development (EBID) to promote cooperation in health, finance and economic development.
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