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GOVERNMENT OBJ!
01-10: CCBEAACBEB
11-20: ACBBBBACBA
21-30: ABACCACCCB
31-40: EDDEBAAECD
41-50: BAEBDDDABB
51-60: BDBEEDBBEC
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SECTION A: ANSWER TWO(2) QUESTIONS ONLY
(1)
(i) To provide essential services: Public corporations are created to supply important services like water, electricity, transport, and postal services which private individuals may not want to provide. These services are necessary for daily living and national development.
(ii) To avoid exploitation: The government sets them up to prevent private companies from charging very high prices for important services needed by the public. This ensures that citizens can afford basic amenities.
(iii) To ensure even development: Public corporations help to provide services to both urban and rural areas, so that development is spread across the country. This reduces inequality between different parts of the nation.
(iv) To control key sectors of the economy: They allow the government to supervise important industries like power, oil, and communication, ensuring they work in the interest of the nation. This control helps to maintain stability in the economy.
(v) To create employment: Public corporations employ many people, helping to reduce unemployment in the country. This improves the standard of living for many families.
(vi) To generate revenue: Some public corporations make money from their operations, which helps the government to get additional income. This revenue can be used for development projects and public welfare.
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(2a)
An unwritten constitution is a constitution that is not contained in a single formal document but is based on customs, conventions, court decisions, and historical practices. It is therefore not codified in one book but scattered across many sources.
(2b)
(i) Lack of clarity: An unwritten constitution creates ambiguity in legal interpretation since rules are scattered across multiple sources. This often leads to confusion among citizens and officials about constitutional provisions.
(ii) Difficulty in enforcement: Without a single codified document, enforcing constitutional rules becomes challenging due to absence of clear supremacy. Ordinary laws may conflict with constitutional conventions, complicating judicial application.
(iii) Vulnerability to abuse: Powers of government branches remain undefined, allowing executives or legislatures to overreach without explicit limits. This exposes the system to arbitrary decisions and power concentration.
(iv) Uncertainty in disputes: Constitutional disagreements arise frequently because no single reference exists to resolve conflicts definitively. Courts rely on evolving precedents, prolonging legal battles.
(v) Easier amendments: Changes occur through ordinary legislation without special procedures, risking frequent and hasty modifications. This undermines stability as political majorities can alter core principles easily.
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(3)
(i) Prevents abuse of power: Separation of powers stops any branch from becoming tyrannical by distributing authority distinctly. The executive enforces laws, the legislature makes them, and the judiciary interprets them, creating mutual checks. This system was designed by thinkers like Montesquieu to avoid despotism in government.
(ii) Ensures accountability: Each branch oversees the others, compelling officials to justify actions and reducing corruption risks. For example, legislatures can impeach executives, while courts review laws for constitutionality. This constant scrutiny maintains public trust in governance.
(iii) Promotes stability: Fixed terms for elected officials prevent frequent leadership upheavals common in parliamentary systems. Policies gain continuity as branches operate independently yet collaboratively. This stability supports long-term national planning and development.
(iv) Protects individual rights: An independent judiciary acts as a bulwark against executive or legislative excesses. Courts can nullify unconstitutional acts, upholding freedoms like speech and due process. Citizens benefit from impartial justice free from political interference.
(v) Encourages deliberation: Legislation requires negotiation across branches, avoiding rash decisions by any one group. Presidential vetoes compel legislatures to refine bills through compromise. This process yields more balanced and widely acceptable laws.
(vi) Enhances crisis response: The executive can act swiftly in emergencies while legislatures approve funding and oversight. Judicial review ensures actions remain lawful post-crisis. This division allows decisive leadership without granting absolute power.
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(4)
(i) By having a written constitution: A written constitution clearly outlines the rights of citizens and the responsibilities of government. It provides a legal framework that protects individuals from abuse of power. This ensures that both leaders and citizens know what is lawful and what is not.
(ii) Through an independent judiciary: Courts that operate without influence from the government can enforce laws and protect citizens’ rights. Citizens can challenge illegal acts by authorities in court. This helps prevent abuse, harassment, or denial of rights.
(iii) By upholding the rule of law: Everyone, including government officials, must obey the law. This ensures that citizens are treated fairly and not subjected to arbitrary decisions. It creates equality and fairness in society.
(iv) Through active civic participation: Citizens can safeguard their rights by participating in elections, joining civil society groups, and engaging in peaceful protests. Public involvement ensures that leaders are accountable. It also allows citizens to demand justice when their rights are threatened.
(v) By having human rights commissions or watchdogs: Independent agencies monitor government actions and investigate abuses. They can make recommendations, provide protection, and educate citizens about their rights. This serves as a check on government and ensures rights are respected.
(vi) Through education and awareness: Citizens who understand their rights are better able to defend them. Civic education in schools and public awareness campaigns empower people to recognize violations. Knowledgeable citizens can take action legally to protect themselves.
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SECTION B; ANSWER THREE(3) QUESTIONS ONLY
(5)
(i) Mobilization of the Masses: Political parties educated and mobilized ordinary Nigerians to demand self-government from the colonial rulers. They organized rallies, meetings, and campaigns to raise awareness about independence. This created a strong public support for the nationalist movement.
(ii) Representation of Nigerian Interests: The parties represented the political, economic, and social interests of Nigerians to the colonial authorities. They acted as a bridge between the people and the government. This helped to negotiate reforms and push for greater participation of Nigerians in governance.
(iii) Promotion of National Unity: Political parties encouraged cooperation among people from different regions and ethnic groups. They promoted dialogue and political collaboration despite regional differences. This helped to create a sense of national identity necessary for independence.
(iv) Advocacy for Constitutional Reforms: Parties actively lobbied for constitutional changes that increased Nigerian participation in government. They pushed for reforms such as the Richards Constitution and Macpherson Constitution. These reforms gradually transferred political power from the British to Nigerians.
(v) Leadership Training: Political parties trained and prepared leaders who would eventually govern the country after independence. They developed political skills, administrative experience, and negotiation abilities. This ensured that Nigeria had capable leaders to take over self-rule.
(vi) Negotiation and Pressure on Colonial Government: Political parties used negotiations, petitions, and sometimes protests to pressure the British government to grant independence. They represented Nigeria in discussions and demanded a timetable for self-rule. Their persistent efforts directly contributed to Nigeria gaining independence in 1960.
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(6)
(i) Economic Exploitation: Colonial powers controlled Nigeria’s resources and used them to benefit Britain. They introduced cash crops like cocoa, groundnut, and palm oil for export rather than local consumption. This left the local economy dependent on foreign markets and limited industrial growth in Nigeria.
(ii) Introduction of Western Education: The colonial government and missionaries introduced Western-style education in Nigeria. This created a new educated class that eventually led nationalist movements. However, education was limited and often focused on producing clerks and workers for colonial administration.
(iii) Political Centralization: Colonial rule replaced traditional governance systems with centralized administration under the British. Local rulers were often reduced to ceremonial roles or made subordinate to colonial authorities. This created a new political structure that influenced post-independence government systems.
(iv) Cultural Changes and Erosion of Traditions: Western religion, language, and values were introduced, leading to changes in Nigerian cultural practices. Many indigenous customs and traditional beliefs were undermined or replaced. This created a mix of traditional and Western cultural influences in Nigerian society.
(v) Creation of Ethnic Divisions: The colonial administration often used “divide and rule” policies, favoring some ethnic groups over others. This led to mistrust, rivalry, and tensions among different regions and communities. These divisions have continued to affect Nigerian politics and unity after independence.
(vi) Development of Infrastructure: The British built railways, roads, ports, and telecommunication systems to facilitate trade and resource extraction. While primarily for colonial benefit, this infrastructure later supported economic development in independent Nigeria. It also connected different regions of the country, enabling greater mobility and commerce.
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(7)
(i) Creation of presidential office: The constitution established an elected President as Head of State and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, replacing the Governor-General. The President was ceremonial with no executive powers, while the Prime Minister held real authority. This symbolized complete sovereignty from British influence.
(ii) Parliamentary system retained: It maintained the parliamentary framework from the 1960 Independence Constitution, with power shared between the President and Prime Minister. The federal parliament comprised the Senate and House of Representatives. This ensured continuity in legislative processes.
(iii) Federal structure preserved: Powers were distributed via exclusive, concurrent, and residual lists between federal and regional governments. Federal laws prevailed in concurrent matters, maintaining regional autonomy. This federalism addressed Nigeria’s ethnic diversity.
(iv) Supreme Court as highest court: The Privy Council in London was abolished, making Nigeria’s Supreme Court the final appellate court. This ended external judicial appeals and asserted national judicial independence. The Senate President acted for the President if needed.
(v) Fundamental rights entrenched: The constitution guaranteed human rights like freedom of speech and assembly, equivalent across federal and regional levels. These rights were justiciable, allowing courts to enforce them. This strengthened citizen protections.
(vi) Rigid amendment procedure: Changes required two-thirds majority in both federal houses and regional assemblies’ approval. New regions needed referendums and legislative consent. This rigidity protected core structures from hasty alterations.
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(8)
(i) Promotion of National Unity: The NPN worked to bring together people from different regions and ethnic groups. It encouraged cooperation and dialogue among Nigerians despite regional differences. This helped to strengthen national identity and reduce political tensions.
(ii) Economic Development Programs: The party initiated policies aimed at improving agriculture, industry, and infrastructure. For example, it supported cash crop production and rural development projects. These efforts contributed to national economic growth and improved living standards.
(iii) Expansion of Education: The NPN government invested in building schools and promoting higher education. Scholarships and educational programs were introduced to develop human capital. This helped increase literacy and trained skilled workers for the economy.
(iv) Development of Infrastructure: The party undertook the construction of roads, hospitals, and electricity projects across the country. These developments improved connectivity and access to social services. Infrastructure growth also facilitated trade and industry.
(v) Foreign Policy and International Relations: The NPN worked to strengthen Nigeria’s presence in Africa and the world. It established diplomatic ties and participated in international organizations. This enhanced Nigeria’s influence and attracted foreign investment.
(vi) Promotion of Democracy and Political Stability: The party upheld democratic practices such as elections and legislative processes. It encouraged participation of citizens in governance and political decision-making. This helped maintain relative stability and public trust in government institutions.
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(9)
(i) Strengthen democratic institutions: Governments should ensure regular, transparent elections with independent electoral commissions to build public trust. Civic education programs can increase voter participation and reduce apathy that fuels coups. This legitimacy discourages military dissatisfaction with civilian leadership.
(ii) Improve economic governance: Implement anti-corruption agencies with prosecutorial powers to curb elite theft that breeds inequality and unrest. Diversify economies beyond raw exports through agricultural and industrial investments to create jobs for youth. Economic stability reduces grievances exploited by coup plotters.
(iii) Enhance civil-military relations: Professionalize armed forces through better training, welfare packages, and clear constitutional roles limiting them to defense. Promote joint civilian-military oversight committees for accountability. This fosters loyalty to the state rather than personal ambitions.
(iv) Regional sanctions and monitoring: ECOWAS should impose swift economic sanctions and travel bans on coup leaders while monitoring at-risk countries. Deploy standby forces for rapid intervention against takeovers, as seen in recent Benin deployments. Collective deterrence raises costs of military adventurism.
(v) Promote political inclusivity: Enforce power-sharing across ethnic and regional lines in cabinets and parliaments to prevent marginalization. Support opposition participation through fair media access and dialogue platforms. Inclusive politics reduces zero-sum conflicts tempting military solutions.
(vi) Counter external influences: Regulate foreign military aid to prevent mercenaries or rival powers from backing juntas. Strengthen intelligence sharing among West African states to detect coup plots early. International partnerships focused on governance support over arms sales help isolate interveners.
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(10)
(i) Political Instability in Member States: Some ECOWAS countries experience frequent coups, civil wars, and unrest. This makes regional cooperation and implementation of policies difficult. Political instability undermines peace, security, and development initiatives in the region.
(ii) Economic Disparities Among Member States: There are significant differences in wealth, industrialization, and resources among member countries. This makes it difficult to achieve balanced economic growth and integration. Poorer states often struggle to participate fully in regional projects.
(iii) Corruption and Poor Governance: Corruption in member states hampers development and the effective use of resources. Mismanagement reduces trust between countries and weakens ECOWAS programs. This limits the organization’s ability to implement policies and maintain credibility.
(iv) Inadequate Infrastructure: Many member countries lack good roads, railways, ports, and communication networks. This slows down trade and movement of goods and people within the region. Poor infrastructure prevents ECOWAS from achieving economic integration efficiently.
(v) Security Challenges: The region faces threats from terrorism, armed groups, and cross-border crimes. These security issues affect trade, investment, and stability. ECOWAS often has to intervene militarily, which strains its resources.
(vi) Differences in Language and Culture: ECOWAS members have diverse languages, traditions, and colonial legacies (English, French, Portuguese). These differences sometimes hinder effective communication, collaboration, and policy implementation. Cultural and linguistic diversity requires extra effort to maintain unity and understanding.
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