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SECTION A: ANSWER TWO(2) QUESTIONS ONLY
(1a)
An electoral constituency is a geographical area within a country or region that is represented by an elected official in a legislative body. Voters who reside within this area elect their representative(s) to act on their behalf in parliament or government.
(1b)
(i) First-Past-the-Post (FPTP) System
This system divides the country into many constituencies. Each constituency elects one representative. The candidate who gets the most votes in a constituency wins, even if they do not have more than half the votes.
(ii) Proportional Representation (PR) System:
In this system, political parties gain seats in the legislature in proportion to the number of votes they receive nationwide or in large regions. For example, if a party wins 30% of the votes, it gets about 30% of the seats.
(iii) Two-Round System (Runoff Voting):
If no candidate gets more than 50% of the votes in the first round, a second round is held between the top two candidates. The one who gets the majority in the second round wins.
(iv) Mixed-Member Proportional (MMP) System:
This system combines FPTP and PR. Voters cast two votes: one for a local candidate and one for a political party. Some seats are filled by the winners in constituencies, and others are allocated to parties to make the overall result proportional.
(v) Single Transferable Vote (STV) System:
Voters rank candidates in order of preference in constituencies that elect multiple representatives. Candidates must reach a certain number of votes (quota) to be elected. Surplus votes and votes from eliminated candidates are transferred according to preferences until all seats are filled.
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(2)
(i) Federalism: In federal states where power is shared between a central government and regional units (states or provinces), bicameralism is often adopted to give representation to these regions in the upper house. This ensures that smaller or less populous regions have a voice alongside the population-based lower house.
(ii) Desire for Checks and Balances: Bicameral legislatures create two chambers that can check each other’s powers. This system prevents any single group or chamber from having too much power and helps avoid the passing of hasty or flawed laws.
(iii) Historical and Political Traditions: Countries with a history of bicameralism, often influenced by colonial legacy or previous political systems (e.g., British Parliament), tend to adopt bicameral legislatures to maintain continuity and stability in governance.
(iv) Population Size and Diversity: Large, diverse countries with multiple ethnic, cultural, or linguistic groups may adopt bicameralism to ensure broader representation. The upper house can represent different social or regional interests that may not be fully reflected in the lower house.
(v) Desire for Deliberation and Quality Legislation: Having two chambers allows for more thorough debate and review of proposed laws. The second chamber acts as a revising body, improving the quality of legislation by providing different perspectives and preventing reckless decisions.
(vi) Political Compromise and Power Sharing: Bicameralism can be a result of political compromise, especially in societies with divided interests or power struggles. It allows different groups or classes to share power through separate chambers, reducing conflict and promoting stability.
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(3)
(i) Guides Government Policy: Public opinion helps politicians create policies that reflect citizens’ needs and wishes, improving governance and public satisfaction. By understanding public opinion, governments can prioritize issues that matter most to their constituents.
(ii) Promotes Accountability: Citizens’ views hold government officials responsible for their actions, ensuring they act in the public interest and discouraging abuse of power. This accountability fosters trust between citizens and their government.
(iii) Enhances Democratic Participation: Public opinion encourages people to participate in politics, strengthening democracy and making citizens feel connected and influential. Active participation also leads to a more informed and engaged citizenry.
(iv) Prevents Abuse of Power: Strong public opinion acts as a check on government and powerful groups, limiting tyranny and corruption. By voicing their concerns, citizens can prevent the concentration of power and protect their rights.
(v) Reflects Social Needs and Values: Public opinion reveals societal priorities, helping governments address current issues and adapt to changing attitudes. This insight enables policymakers to develop targeted solutions that meet the needs of their constituents.
(vi) Improves Quality of Decision-Making: Considering diverse public opinions leads to better-informed and more balanced decisions, increasing policy acceptance and effectiveness. By incorporating various perspectives, policymakers can anticipate potential challenges and develop more effective solutions.
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(4)
(i) First Reading: Bill is formally introduced, title and objectives are read out loud, and scheduled for a second reading. This stage is primarily a formality to introduce the bill to the legislative house.
(ii) Second Reading: General merits and principles of the bill are debated, and a vote is conducted to determine if it proceeds. Members express their support or opposition to the bill’s underlying principles during this stage.
(iii) Committee Stage: Bill is examined clause by clause, and amendments are proposed and debated by a specialized committee. The committee’s expertise is crucial in refining the bill and addressing potential issues.
(iv) Report Stage: Committee presents a report with amendments, and members review changes and suggest further amendments if necessary. This stage allows members to scrutinize the committee’s work and make final adjustments.
(v) Third Reading: Final review and vote take place, and if passed, the bill is sent to the other chamber for repetition of the stages. At this stage, debate is typically limited, and members make a final decision on the bill.
(vi) Assent by the Head of State: Bill is sent to the President or Governor for approval, and if signed, it becomes law. If vetoed, the legislature can override with a two-thirds majority, ensuring the bill’s passage despite executive objections.
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SECTION B: ANSWER THREE(3) QUESTIONS ONLY
(5)
(i) Political Instability: The annulment led to widespread political unrest and uncertainty across the country. Protests, riots, and civil disobedience erupted in several states, especially in the South-West, creating tension between the military government and the people.
(ii) Loss of Public Trust in the Electoral Process: Nigerians lost confidence in democratic institutions, especially in the credibility of the electoral system. The action discouraged voter participation in subsequent elections and weakened faith in government promises.
(iii) Breakdown of Democratic Transition: The annulled election, believed to have been won by Chief Moshood Abiola, was supposed to mark the end of military rule. Its cancellation interrupted the planned handover to a civilian government, prolonging military dictatorship.
(iv) Increased Ethnic and Regional Tensions: The annulment was seen by many, especially the Yoruba ethnic group (to which Abiola belonged), as a targeted attack on their region. This worsened ethnic divisions and deepened mistrust between the North and South.
(v) International Condemnation and Sanctions: Several foreign governments and international organizations condemned the annulment, viewing it as an abuse of democratic rights. Nigeria faced sanctions and diplomatic isolation, affecting foreign investment and international relations.
(vi) Rise of Civil and Pro-Democracy Movements: The annulment gave birth to stronger civil society groups and pro-democracy activists like NADECO and the Campaign for Democracy. These groups intensified pressure on the military regime, eventually contributing to the return of democracy in 1999.
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(6)
(i) Supremacy of the Constitution: The Constitution is the highest law in Nigeria, and all laws and actions must conform to it. This ensures that no individual or government body can act beyond the powers granted by the Constitution.
(ii) Federal Structure and Division of Powers: Nigeria is divided into 36 states and a Federal Capital Territory, each with its own government. The Constitution clearly assigns powers to both federal and state governments to manage their respective affairs.
(iii) Fundamental Rights: The Constitution guarantees basic human rights such as freedom of speech, religion, and protection from discrimination. These rights protect citizens from abuse and promote equality and dignity.
(iv) Separation of Powers: Government power is divided among the Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary to prevent abuse. Each branch has specific roles and checks the others to maintain balance and accountability.
(v) Legislative Powers: The National Assembly, made up of the Senate and House of Representatives, makes laws for Nigeria. The Constitution defines their powers and procedures to ensure democratic lawmaking.
(vi) Prohibition of State Religion: The Constitution forbids the government from establishing an official religion. This protects religious freedom and promotes peaceful coexistence among Nigeria’s diverse religious groups.
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(7)
(i) Cold War and Global Tension: The world was divided into two major power blocs led by the United States and the Soviet Union, creating global tension and the risk of another world war. Newly independent countries wanted to avoid being drawn into this rivalry and sought to remain neutral.
(ii) Collapse of Colonial Empires: Many countries in Asia and Africa gained independence after long struggles against colonial rule. These new nations wanted to protect their sovereignty and avoid domination by either superpower.
(iii) Struggle Against Imperialism and Neo-Colonialism: The newly independent states were determined to resist any form of foreign control or influence, including indirect control through economic or political pressure. They formed NAM to unite against imperialism and neo-colonialism.
(iv) Desire for Independent Foreign Policy: These countries wanted the freedom to make their own decisions without being forced to align with either the capitalist or socialist blocs. NAM allowed them to pursue policies based on their own national interests.
(v) Need for Economic Development and Cooperation: Many member countries were economically underdeveloped and sought technical and financial assistance from any source without political strings attached. NAM provided a platform to cooperate and support each other’s development.
(vi) Formation of a Collective Voice for Peace and Security: The member states realized they had greater moral and political strength by acting together. NAM aimed to promote world peace, security, and cooperation among developing nations without interference from major powers.
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(8.)
(i) Increased Trade and Economic Cooperation: Commonwealth countries trade about 20% more with each other compared to non-member countries, and at 21% lower costs. This “Commonwealth Advantage” is due to shared language, similar legal systems, and business practices that reduce barriers and make trade easier and cheaper.
(ii) Mutual Support and Development Assistance: The Commonwealth Secretariat provides member countries with technical assistance, training, and policy advice to support development, governance, and peace. This helps countries strengthen institutions, improve governance, and address challenges like climate change and inequality.
(iii) Promotion of Democracy and Good Governance: The Commonwealth promotes shared values such as democracy, human rights, and the rule of law. It supports member states in building inclusive institutions and holding free and fair elections, which strengthen democratic governance.
(iv) Educational Opportunities and Scholarships: Many member countries offer scholarships and educational exchanges to citizens of other Commonwealth states. This fosters skill development and knowledge sharing, helping individuals and countries improve their human capital.
(v) Diplomatic and Political Cooperation: Members benefit from a platform where they can collaborate on global issues and amplify their voices collectively. Commonwealth summits and meetings enable small and large states alike to influence international policies and advocate for their interests.
(vi) Cultural and Social Links: Shared history, language (mostly English), and cultural events like the Commonwealth Games promote unity and understanding among member countries. These ties encourage tourism, cultural exchange, and a sense of belonging to a global community
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(9)
(i) To Bring Government Closer to the People: Local governments are created to ensure that government activities and services reach the grassroots. This proximity allows people to participate more actively in governance and decision-making affecting their daily lives.
(ii) To Promote Need-Sensitive Development: Different local areas have unique needs and priorities. Local governments focus on addressing these specific developmental challenges, ensuring that local projects and services are relevant and effective.
(iii) To Reduce Over-Centralization of Power: By devolving power from the central and state governments to local authorities, local governments prevent concentration of power at higher levels. This decentralization promotes democratic governance and reduces the risk of abuse of power.
(iv) To Facilitate Political Participation and Self-Governance: Local governments provide opportunities for citizens to be involved in politics and governance at the grassroots level. This encourages political education, leadership development, and democratic self-government.
(v) To Serve as a Link Between the People and Higher Levels of Government: Local governments act as communication channels, conveying the needs and opinions of local communities to state and federal governments. They also help inform the people about government policies and programs.
(vi) To Promote Even and Balanced Development: Local governments help ensure that development is spread evenly across different regions, preventing neglect of rural or remote areas. They complement federal and state efforts by focusing on local infrastructure, health, education, and social services.
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(10)
(i) Independent and Impartial Electoral Body: The election management body, such as INEC (Independent National Electoral Commission), must be autonomous and free from government or political party interference. This independence ensures that the electoral process is conducted fairly and transparently without bias or manipulation.
(ii) Voter Education and Awareness: Voters must be well-informed about their rights, the voting process, and the importance of their participation. Effective voter education reduces electoral malpractice and empowers citizens to make informed choices.
(iii) Security and Peaceful Environment: A secure and violence-free environment is essential so that voters can cast their ballots without fear or intimidation. The presence of law enforcement agencies that act impartially helps prevent electoral violence and maintains order during elections.
(iv) Transparent and Credible Voter Registration: A comprehensive and accurate voter register must be maintained to ensure that only eligible voters participate. Transparency in registration prevents multiple voting, impersonation, and other forms of electoral fraud.
(v) Equal Opportunity for All Candidates and Parties: All political parties and candidates should have equal access to campaign, media coverage, and resources. This ensures a level playing field where voters can freely choose among competing candidates.
(vi) Acceptance of Election Results: All parties and candidates must accept the outcome of the election as legitimate. This acceptance is crucial for political stability and the peaceful transfer of power.
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