BEST EXPO RUNZ ASSISTANCE WEBSITE. NO.1 BEST DELIVERY OF EXAM RUNZ
100% GUARANTEE OF GETTING ANSWERS MIDNIGHT..IT’S OUR CULTURE, NO DOUBT
===================================
GOVERNMENT OBJ (TYPE B)
01-10: DDDBDACCAD
11-20: BCDADBBABD
21-30: CACBDBACDD
31-40: DAACBDADCB
41-50: DCDAAABBBA
COMPLETED
===================================
PART I: ANSWER THREE(3) QUESTION ONLY
(1a)
Sovereignty is the supreme authority of a state to govern itself without interference from external powers. It is the power to make and enforce laws, administer justice, and conduct the affairs of the state independently. In a sovereign state, no individual, group, or foreign authority can override its decisions.
(1b)
(i) Constitutional Limitation: The constitution is the highest law in a republic, and it clearly defines the powers and responsibilities of each organ of government. No government official or institution can act beyond the provisions of the constitution. For example, the president cannot pass laws on his own; only the legislature has the power to make laws. This ensures that sovereignty is exercised within legal limits, preventing abuse of power.
(ii) Rule of Law: In a republic, everyone, including those in government, must obey the law. Sovereignty is limited because leaders cannot act arbitrarily; their actions are constrained by legal rules. For instance, if a government official violates citizens’ rights, the courts can hold them accountable. This ensures that the state exercises authority fairly and justly.
(iii) Separation of Powers: Sovereignty is further limited by dividing government authority among the executive, legislature, and judiciary. Each organ has distinct powers and responsibilities, which prevents any one branch from becoming too powerful. For example, while the legislature makes laws, the judiciary interprets them, and the executive implements them. This system ensures that power is balanced and controlled.
(iv) Judicial Review: The judiciary in a republic has the power to examine government actions and declare them unconstitutional if they violate the law or the constitution. This limits sovereignty because even the highest officials must act within legal boundaries. For example, if a law passed by the legislature infringes on citizens’ rights, the courts can nullify it, thereby checking arbitrary exercise of power.
(v) International Agreements and Memberships: A republic may voluntarily enter into international treaties or join global organizations such as the United Nations or ECOWAS. By doing so, the country agrees to follow certain international rules, which can limit its sovereign actions in areas like trade, human rights, or environmental protection. This ensures that sovereignty is exercised responsibly and in accordance with global norms.
===================================
(2i)
Delegated Legislation:
Delegated legislation is law made by a person or body other than the legislature, under powers given to them by an Act of Parliament. It allows government ministers, local authorities, or agencies to make detailed rules and regulations needed to implement laws. This is necessary because the legislature may not have time or expertise to create detailed laws on every matter.
(2ii)
Collective Responsibility:
Collective responsibility is a principle in a parliamentary system where all members of the cabinet are collectively accountable for government policies and decisions. If the government makes a decision, all ministers must publicly support it, even if they personally disagree. This ensures unity and discipline in government and maintains public confidence in the administration.
(2iii)
Checks and Balances:
Checks and balances is a system that ensures no branch of government becomes too powerful. Each organ, executive, legislature, and judiciary has the authority to monitor and limit the actions of the others. This prevents abuse of power and promotes fairness and accountability in governance.
(2iv)
Political Culture :
Political culture refers to the shared beliefs, values, attitudes, and practices that shape how citizens view politics and participate in government. It influences the behavior of leaders and the public in political matters. For example, respect for democracy, rule of law, and civic duties are aspects of a country’s political culture.
(2v)
Constitutionalism:
Constitutionalism is the principle that government authority must be exercised according to the constitution. It ensures that all leaders and institutions are bound by legal limits and respect citizens’ rights. This principle protects against arbitrary rule and promotes good governance.
===================================
(3a)
Separation of powers is the principle of dividing the functions of government among different organs to prevent the concentration and abuse of power. Typically, these functions are divided among the legislature, which makes laws; the executive, which implements and enforces laws; and the judiciary, which interprets laws and settles disputes. This division ensures that no single organ has complete control over all government functions, promoting accountability, fairness, and the rule of law. In practice, separation of powers helps protect citizens’ rights by creating checks on arbitrary government actions.
(3b)
(i) Clear Constitutional Provision: The constitution must clearly define the roles, powers, and limits of each organ of government. Without a legal framework, it is difficult to ensure that each branch respects the boundaries of its authority.
(ii) Independent Judiciary: The judiciary must be free from interference by the executive or legislature. Independence allows courts to act as a check on unconstitutional actions and uphold the law without fear or favor.
(iii) Strong Legislature: The legislative arm must be empowered to make laws and oversee the executive. This ensures that the executive does not dominate the government and is accountable for its actions.
(iv) Accountable Executive: The executive must implement laws within the limits set by the constitution and be answerable to the legislature and the judiciary. This prevents arbitrary exercise of power and maintains balance among branches.
(v) Respect for Checks and Balances: Each branch must respect the mechanisms of checks and balances, such as veto powers, judicial review, and legislative oversight. This ensures that no organ oversteps its authority and that power remains balanced.
===================================
(4a)
(i) Law-Making: One of the main functions of government is to make laws that regulate the behavior of citizens. Laws provide order in society and protect individuals’ rights. For example, traffic laws prevent accidents and maintain public safety.
(ii) Maintenance of Law and Order: The government ensures peace and security through the police, armed forces, and other law enforcement agencies. This function protects citizens from crime, violence, and external threats. Without law and order, social and economic activities would be disrupted.
(iii) Provision of Public Services: Governments provide essential services such as education, healthcare, electricity, water, and transportation. These services improve the standard of living and promote economic and social development.
(iv) Economic Management: Governments regulate and manage the economy by controlling taxes, public spending, and economic policies. They promote trade, employment, and development while preventing economic crises like inflation or unemployment.
(v) Defence and Protection of the Nation: The government is responsible for protecting the country from external threats and ensuring national security. This includes maintaining armed forces and managing foreign relations. Without a strong defence system, sovereignty and national integrity could be compromised.
(4b)
(i) Authority: Government possesses the power to make laws, enforce them, and command obedience from citizens. This authority is recognized as legitimate and is essential for maintaining social order.
(ii) Sovereignty: Government has the supreme power to govern a country independently without interference from external bodies. Sovereignty ensures that decisions are made in the best interest of the nation.
(iii) Territorial Jurisdiction: A government operates within a defined geographical area over which it exercises control. This ensures that its laws and policies apply to people living within its territory.
(iv) Organized Structure: Government has an organized system or institutions, such as the legislature, executive, and judiciary, to perform its functions efficiently. This structure ensures that responsibilities are divided and managed effectively.
(v) Responsibility to the People: Governments are accountable to citizens for their actions and policies. Through elections, public opinion, and other forms of participation, citizens can influence government decisions, ensuring responsiveness and legitimacy.
===================================
(5a)
Public opinion refers to the collective views, beliefs, and attitudes of the people on issues of public interest, such as government policies, social issues, or political leadership. It reflects what the majority of citizens think and feel about a matter at a particular time. Public opinion is important because it can influence government decisions and policies, ensuring that leaders act in line with the people’s wishes.
(5b)
(i) Surveys and Opinion Polls: Governments and researchers conduct surveys and polls to gather information about citizens’ views on various issues. These polls involve asking a representative sample of people questions, which helps determine the general attitude of the population.
(ii) Elections and Voting: Elections provide a direct way to determine public opinion, as citizens express their preferences through votes. The outcome of elections shows the popularity of policies, parties, or leaders.
(iii) Media Influence: Newspapers, radio, television, and social media shape and reflect public opinion by reporting issues, offering analysis, and giving a platform for discussion. Media can both inform and influence what people think about current events or policies.
(iv) Public Meetings and Forums: Public gatherings, town hall meetings, and debates allow citizens to voice their opinions on government policies. Officials can gauge public sentiment by listening to citizens’ concerns and feedback.
(v) Petitions and Demonstrations: Citizens may express their views through petitions, protests, or demonstrations. These actions indicate approval or disapproval of policies and compel the government to consider the people’s opinions.
===================================
PART II: ANSWER THREE(2) QUESTIONS ONLY
(6a)
(i) Alaafin (King): The Alaafin was the supreme ruler and head of the Oyo Empire, responsible for administration, military command, and religious duties.
(ii) Oyo Mesi (Council of Chiefs): This was the principal advisory body to the Alaafin, consisting of high-ranking chiefs who checked the king’s power and advised on policy and governance.
(iii) Bale/Oba of Subordinate Towns: These were local rulers or chiefs who administered towns and villages under the Oyo Empire, reporting to the Alaafin.
(iv) Are Ona Kakanfo (Military Commander): The Aare Ona Kakanfo was the general of the army, responsible for defense, leading military campaigns, and maintaining internal security.
(v) Ogboni Society: This was a secret society that acted as a moral and judicial authority, ensuring laws were followed and traditions maintained.
(6b)
(i) Maintaining Law and Order: The Ogboni Society ensured that laws and traditional customs were obeyed. They could punish offenders and maintain justice in the community.
(ii) Advising the Alaafin: Members of the Ogboni Society acted as advisors to the king, providing guidance on political, social, and judicial matters.
(iii) Preserving Moral Values and Traditions: The society promoted moral behavior and upheld cultural and religious traditions within the empire.
(iv) Judicial Functions: The Ogboni had the power to try serious cases, especially those involving land disputes, family inheritance, or breaches of customs.
(v) Controlling Succession: The Ogboni Society played a role in the selection and approval of the Alaafin, ensuring that succession followed traditional rules and prevented abuse of power.
===================================
(7a)
(i) Introduction of Regionalism: The Macpherson Constitution of 1951 divided Nigeria into three regions: Northern, Western, and Eastern. Each region was allowed to have its own government and administrative structure. This helped to recognize regional differences and promote greater self-governance.
(ii) Expansion of Legislative Powers: More Nigerians were included in the Legislative Council and had the right to participate in decision-making. Regional governments were given more influence in law-making and policy implementation. This encouraged political participation and a sense of responsibility among Nigerians.
(iii) Ministerial System: Nigerian leaders were appointed to ministerial positions in regional governments. This allowed them to gain practical experience in administration and governance. It also prepared them for future roles in self-government and national leadership.
(iv) Greater Political Awareness: The constitution encouraged Nigerians to organize politically and form political parties. Citizens became more aware of their rights and responsibilities. This increased interest in politics and participation in national and regional affairs.
(v) Step Towards Self Government: Nigerians were allowed to take part in decision-making and manage internal affairs. This marked an important step toward independence from colonial rule. It gave the people a greater sense of control over their political future.
(7b)
(i) Regional Inequality: Some regions, especially the Northern region, dominated politically because of their larger population. This created imbalance in representation among the regions. Smaller regions felt marginalized and less influential in national decisions.
(ii) Limited Central Authority: The central government remained weak and had little control over the regions. Each region could act independently in many matters without central oversight. This made it difficult to maintain national unity and coordinated development.
(iii) Restricted Franchise: Voting rights were limited to a small number of mainly urban residents. The majority of Nigerians in rural areas could not participate in elections or governance. This restricted true representation and limited the impact of political participation.
(iv) Ethnic and Religious Divisions: The constitution reinforced ethnic and religious identities instead of promoting national integration. Political loyalty often aligned with ethnic groups rather than national interests. This contributed to rivalry, mistrust, and sectionalism among regions.
(v) Slow Pace of Democratization: Significant powers remained with the British governor and colonial authorities. Nigerians had limited control over critical areas of governance. This delayed the full exercise of self-rule and slowed the transition to independence.
===================================
(8a)
Nationalism is the feeling of loyalty, love, and devotion that citizens have towards their country. It involves a desire for national unity, self-determination, and independence from foreign control. Nationalism motivates people to work together to protect the interests, culture, and sovereignty of their nation.
(8b)
(i) Colonial Administration and Exploitation: The harsh policies of colonial rule, such as high taxes and forced labor, caused widespread dissatisfaction. Nigerians began to demand better treatment and fairer governance. This resentment encouraged people to organize and push for political rights and self-rule.
(ii) Western Education: The introduction of Western education created a class of educated Nigerians who were aware of their rights and the principles of democracy. They became leaders and activists in nationalist movements. Education also helped Nigerians articulate their demands and challenge colonial authority.
(iii) Influence of World Wars; Many Nigerians participated in the First and Second World Wars, either as soldiers or laborers. They experienced ideas of freedom and self-determination abroad. This exposure increased their desire for independence and equality at home.
(iv) Formation of Political Organizations: Political groups, such as the Nigerian Youth Movement and the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, provided a platform to unite people against colonial rule. These organizations educated citizens, coordinated protests, and negotiated with the colonial government. They strengthened the nationalist movement.
(v) Economic Exploitation and Social Inequalities: The colonial economy favored Europeans, leaving Nigerians with low wages and limited economic opportunities. The gap between the rulers and the ruled created resentment. Nationalist movements grew as people demanded control over their resources and economic independence.
===================================
(9a)
(i) Promotion of Unity and Solidarity among African States; The African Union seeks to bring African countries together to foster unity and cooperation. This promotes peace, stability, and collective progress across the continent. By working together, member states can address common challenges more effectively.
(ii) Defence of Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity; The AU aims to protect the independence and territorial boundaries of its member states. It discourages foreign interference and supports member states in resolving conflicts. This ensures that African countries can govern themselves freely.
(iii) Promotion of Peace, Security, and Stability; The AU works to prevent conflicts and resolve disputes between African nations. It deploys peacekeeping missions and mediates in political crises. This contributes to safer and more stable societies across Africa.
(iv) Encouragement of Economic Development and Integration; The AU promotes economic cooperation, trade, and regional integration among member states. This helps improve living standards, reduce poverty, and strengthen the African economy. Joint projects and policies enhance development opportunities for all countries.
(v) Promotion of Democracy, Good Governance, and Human Rights; The AU encourages democratic institutions, accountable leadership, and respect for human rights in member states. It monitors elections and supports governance reforms. This fosters political stability and strengthens citizens’ participation in government.
(9b)
(i) Ethnic and Regional Conflicts; Many African countries experience ethnic and regional tensions that can escalate into violence. These conflicts make it difficult for the AU to enforce peace and unity. Managing diverse interests across the continent remains a major challenge.
(ii) Political Instability; Coups, weak governments, and authoritarian regimes in some member states hinder AU initiatives. Political instability reduces the effectiveness of collective policies and decisions. It also limits progress in promoting democracy and good governance.
(iii) Limited Financial Resources; The AU depends heavily on contributions from member states and international donors. Limited funding affects its ability to carry out peacekeeping missions and development programs. Financial constraints also slow down implementation of key projects.
(iv) Corruption and Mismanagement; Corruption within some member states and AU institutions undermines programs and initiatives. Mismanagement of resources reduces public confidence in the organization. This weakens the AU’s ability to achieve its goals.
(v) External Influence and Dependency; The AU often relies on foreign countries for financial and technical support. This can limit its independence in decision-making and make it vulnerable to external pressures. Reducing dependency is necessary for the AU to act effectively in the interests of Africa.
===================================
COMPLETED….We Remain Your Favourite Site.
Ensure You Subscribe For Your Next Paper
===================================
Leave a Reply