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CIVIC EDUCATION OBJ(TYPE B)
01-10: ABCDABADAB
11-20: CDABBCBABC
21-30: DDDAABCDAB
31-40: ABADAABCBC
41-50: DAACDABCDA
COMPLETED
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INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER FOUR QUESTIONS ONLY, AT LEAST ONE QUESTION FROM EACH PART.
PART I
(1a)
Selflessness is the quality of putting the needs, well-being, and interests of others before one’s own personal desires, showing genuine care, compassion, and willingness to act for the benefit of others without expecting any reward in return.
(1b)
(i) Selflessness strengthens human relationships: It creates deep trust, loyalty, and emotional security because people feel genuinely valued when someone prioritizes their welfare. This sense of being cared for encourages open communication, mutual respect, and long-lasting bonds in families, friendships, and communities.
(ii) Selflessness promotes unity and cooperation: It reduces selfish competition and encourages people to work together toward shared goals. When individuals willingly support one another, it creates harmony, reduces conflicts, and builds a spirit of teamwork that makes families, workplaces, and societies more productive and peaceful.
(iii) Selflessness develops strong moral character: It nurtures essential virtues such as empathy, kindness, humility, patience, and compassion. Through selfless actions, individuals learn to understand the feelings of others, act responsibly, and make ethical decisions, becoming positive role models in society.
(iv) Selflessness enhances social stability and fairness: It motivates people to help the poor, the vulnerable, and the disadvantaged. When individuals contribute to solving social problems such as hunger, sickness, or lack of access to education, it reduces inequality, lessens social tension, and creates a safer and more balanced society.
(v) Selflessness inspires positive societal change: Acts of selflessness encourage others to behave kindly and responsibly. When people witness generous and sacrificial actions, they often feel motivated to do the same, creating a ripple effect of kindness that improves families, communities, and even entire nations.
(vi) Selflessness brings deep personal fulfillment: It provides inner peace, emotional satisfaction, and a strong sense of purpose. Helping others without expecting anything in return gives individuals joy, boosts their self-worth, and allows them to feel connected to something greater than themselves, improving overall emotional well-being.
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(2a)
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10th December 1948. It contains 30 articles that outline the basic rights and freedoms every human being is entitled to, regardless of nationality, race, religion, gender, or social status. It serves as a universal guideline that promotes dignity, equality, justice, and freedom, and it influences the laws and constitutions of many countries, including Nigeria, to ensure human rights are protected.
(2b)
(i) Promoting respect and peaceful coexistence: Showing tolerance and fairness to people of different ethnic, religious, and social backgrounds helps build a harmonious society. It reduces discrimination, hatred, and unnecessary conflicts that often lead to human-rights abuses. When citizens treat one another with dignity, everyone is able to enjoy freedoms such as equality before the law, freedom of movement, and freedom of association.
(ii) Reporting and challenging human-rights violations: Speaking out when you witness abuses such as police brutality, domestic violence, child abuse, rape, or corruption helps protect victims and prevent further harm. Many violations continue because people remain silent out of fear or indifference. By reporting cases to the police, human rights organisations, community leaders, or the media, you help promote justice and strengthen the protection of rights for all Nigerians.
(iii) Participating actively in civic and democratic responsibilities: Taking part in elections, obeying the law, paying taxes, and attending community meetings helps build strong and accountable governance. When citizens vote responsibly and demand transparency from leaders, it reduces the misuse of power and encourages policies that protect human rights. Active participation also ensures that citizens’ voices influence decisions that affect rights such as education, justice, and freedom of expression.
(iv) Educating others about their human rights: Many Nigerians experience rights violations because they do not know their rights or how to defend them. By teaching family members, classmates, neighbours, and community groups about the rights in the UDHR, you empower them to stand against abuse. Public awareness also encourages more people to respect the rights of others, creating a society where justice, equality, and dignity are upheld.
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PART II
(3a)
Youth empowerment is the process of equipping young people with the knowledge, skills, confidence, and opportunities they need to take control of their lives and contribute positively to society. It involves enabling youths to develop their abilities, make informed decisions, overcome challenges, and play active roles in economic, social, and political development.
(3b)
(i) Entrepreneurship skills
(ii) Communication skills
(iii) Leadership skills
(iv) Vocational skills
(3c)
(i) Entrepreneurship skills: These are the abilities that enable young people to identify business opportunities, create innovative solutions, and start or manage small enterprises successfully. Youths with entrepreneurship skills can think creatively, take calculated risks, and manage resources effectively to produce goods or services. This skill empowers young people to become self-reliant, reduce unemployment, and even create job opportunities for others.
(ii) Communication skills: Communication skills involve the ability to express ideas clearly, listen actively, and interact effectively with others. Young people with strong communication skills can speak confidently, write clearly, and understand non-verbal cues during conversations. This skill helps youths build good relationships, solve problems peacefully, participate in teamwork, and succeed in workplaces or leadership positions.
(iii) Leadership skills: Leadership skills refer to the ability to guide, influence, and motivate others toward achieving a common goal. A youth with leadership skills can make wise decisions, accept responsibility, and serve as a good role model. This skill helps young people participate actively in community development, manage groups effectively, and inspire positive change in society.
(iv) Vocational skills: Vocational skills are practical, hands-on abilities that prepare young people for specific occupations or trades. Examples include tailoring, carpentry, welding, catering, electrical work, ICT, and automobile repair. These skills enable youths to become employable, earn income, and contribute to economic development by providing essential services within their communities.
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(4a)
Human trafficking is the illegal act of recruiting, transporting, harbouring, or receiving people through force, deception, threat, or abuse of power for the purpose of exploitation. It involves using people for forced labour, prostitution, domestic servitude, child soldiering, or the removal of organs. It is a serious crime that violates human rights and destroys the dignity, freedom, and safety of victims.
(4b)
(i) Poverty: Many families living in extreme poverty become vulnerable to traffickers who promise jobs, education, or better living conditions. Desperation pushes people to accept deceptive offers of help, not knowing they will be exploited. Traffickers take advantage of this economic hardship by trapping victims in forced labour or prostitution for profit.
(ii) Unemployment and lack of economic opportunities: When young people cannot find jobs or decent sources of income, they become easy targets for traffickers offering fake employment opportunities abroad or in big cities. The desire for a better life causes many to fall into the hands of traffickers who disguise their operations as legitimate job agencies. This lack of opportunity creates a large pool of people seeking any means of survival, making exploitation easier.
(iii) Ignorance and low level of education: Many victims do not understand the dangers of trafficking because they lack sufficient education or awareness. Traffickers use lies and manipulation to convince victims and their families that they will receive good jobs, schooling, or marriage opportunities. Without proper knowledge, people cannot identify false promises or protect themselves from exploitation.
(iv) Corruption among security officials: In some cases, traffickers bribe border officers, immigration officials, or law enforcement agents to allow the illegal movement of victims. When officials accept bribes or ignore suspicious activities, traffickers operate freely without fear of punishment. This weakens the fight against trafficking and increases the number of victims being transported across borders.
(v) Family problems and broken homes: Domestic violence, neglect, and lack of parental care push many children and young people out of their homes, making them vulnerable to traffickers. Children who run away or are abandoned often trust strangers who later exploit them. Traffickers target such emotionally unstable individuals because they are easier to control and manipulate.
(vi) Demand for cheap labour and commercial sex: Businesses, individuals, and criminal networks often seek cheap or unpaid labour, creating a market for traffickers to supply victims. Similarly, the demand for prostitution and sexual exploitation encourages traffickers to abduct or deceive young people, especially girls. As long as there is high demand, traffickers continue to exploit vulnerable populations.
(vii) Weak laws and poor law enforcement: In countries where laws against trafficking are weak or poorly enforced, traffickers operate with little fear of punishment. Lack of proper investigations, slow court processes, and inadequate penalties encourage criminals to continue the practice. Without strong legal systems, victims remain unprotected and exploitation continues.
(viii) Cultural practices and harmful traditions: Certain harmful practices, such as child fostering without regulation, early marriage, and sending children to live with relatives for labour, make young people vulnerable. Traffickers take advantage of these traditions by pretending to help families while secretly using the children for exploitation. These cultural norms sometimes hide trafficking activities from the community.
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PART III
(5a)
(i) Political education and awareness programmes
(ii) Free, fair, and credible elections
(iii) Youth involvement in politics
(iv) Reduction of corruption in government
(v) Improving citizens’ trust in government institutions
(5b)
(i) Political education and awareness programmes: Political education helps citizens understand their rights, duties, and the importance of participating in political activities. When people know how government decisions affect their lives, they become more willing to vote, attend meetings, and engage in national issues. Awareness program also exposes citizens to the dangers of ignoring politics, such as bad governance and lack of development, thereby reducing political apathy.
(ii) Free, fair, and credible elections: When elections are conducted fairly without rigging, violence, or intimidation, citizens feel confident that their votes truly count. This motivates more people to participate because they believe they can influence leadership and national direction. Credible elections also increase trust in the political system and encourage those who previously avoided politics to get involved.
(iii) Youth involvement in politics: Encouraging young people to take part in political discussions, join political parties, and contest for leadership positions helps reduce apathy. Youths bring fresh ideas, energy, and innovation, making politics more active and interesting. When young people feel represented and included, they are motivated to participate more actively in democratic processes.
(iv) Reduction of corruption in government: High levels of corruption discourage citizens from taking part in politics because they believe leaders only serve themselves. By reducing corruption and promoting transparency, people begin to see that politics can bring real development. This renewed confidence encourages citizens to vote, monitor government activities, and participate in holding leaders accountable.
(v) Improving citizens’ trust in government institutions: When government institutions such as courts, electoral bodies, and law-enforcement agencies work effectively, citizens feel protected and respected. Trust in these institutions makes people more willing to participate in governance without fear of manipulation or injustice. As confidence increases, political apathy reduces because citizens believe their participation can lead to meaningful change.
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(6)
(i) Providing adequate training and capacity building for workers: Regular training helps public servants acquire modern skills, understand new policies, and improve their efficiency. Many workers struggle because they lack updated knowledge and professional development opportunities. By offering workshops, seminars, and professional courses, the government can strengthen workers’ capabilities, resulting in better service delivery to the public.
(ii) Reducing corruption and enforcing strong accountability systems: Corruption weakens public trust and slows down development in the public service. Introducing strict monitoring systems, transparent procedures, and harsh penalties for offenders helps reduce misuse of public funds. When workers know they will be held accountable for their actions, they perform their duties responsibly and with greater honesty, leading to improved service delivery.
(iii) Improving workers’ welfare, salaries, and working conditions: Public servants become more dedicated when they are well-paid, motivated, and provided with safe working environments. Poor welfare leads to low morale, absenteeism, and poor performance. When the government offers fair salaries, timely promotions, health benefits, and good office facilities, workers become more productive and committed to serving citizens effectively.
(iv) Proper funding and provision of modern equipment and infrastructure: Many public offices lack essential tools such as computers, internet access, vehicles, stationery, and adequate office space. Without these resources, public servants cannot function effectively. By providing sufficient funding and modern equipment, the government ensures that workers can carry out their responsibilities smoothly and deliver quality services to the public.
(v) Adoption of technology and digital governance: Introducing digital systems such as e-governance, online documentation, electronic records, and automated service processes reduces delays and eliminates unnecessary paperwork. Technology minimizes corruption, speeds up administrative procedures, and makes public services more accessible to citizens. With digital platforms, people can access government services faster and more conveniently, improving overall efficiency in the public service.
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