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BIOLOGY OBJ (TYPE B)
01-10: DDCBBCCACA
11-20: DDDBCBCADB
21-30: BABDDADABA
31-40: ADCACACBDC
41-50: ADCCCDABAB
COMPLETED
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BIOLOGY ANSWERS (TYPE B)
INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER FOUR QUESTIONS ONLY, AT LEAST ONE QUESTION FROM EACH PART.
PART I
(1ai)
A cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of life capable of carrying out all life processes.
(1aii)
The cell theory states that all living organisms are made up of one or more cells: the cell is the basic unit of life: and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
(1aiii)
(Draw the diagram)
(1b)
(i) Amoeba – Cellular level of organisation
(ii) Hydra – Tissue level of organisation
(iii) Onion bulb – Organ level of organisation
(1c)
(i) Bacteria help in decomposition: They break down dead plants and animals, releasing nutrients back into the soil and maintaining soil fertility.
(ii) Bacteria aid in nitrogen fixation: Species such as Rhizobium convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates that plants can absorb for growth.
(iii) Bacteria are used in food production: They are involved in making yoghurt, cheese, vinegar, and other fermented foods through fermentation processes.
(iv) Bacteria assist in digestion: In the intestines of humans and animals, beneficial bacteria help break down complex food substances and produce vitamins like vitamin K.
(v) Bacteria are used in medicine: Some bacteria are used to produce antibiotics, vaccines, and insulin, contributing to disease treatment and health care.
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PART II
(2ai)
(i) Axile placentation: Ovules are attached to a central column within a multilocular ovary. Example: Tomato.
(ii) Parietal placentation: Ovules are attached to the inner walls of a unilocular ovary. Example: Pawpaw.
(iii) Basal placentation: Ovules are attached to the base of a unilocular ovary. Example: Sunflower.
(2aii)
(i) Wind: Light fruits or seeds with wings or fluff are carried by wind. Example: Cotton seed.
(ii) Water: Seeds that are waterproof and buoyant float on water to new locations. Example: Coconut.
(iii) Animals: Fruits with hooks or sweet pulp are dispersed when animals eat or carry them. Example: Mango.
(2aiii)
(Draw the diagram)
(2bi)
(i) Autotrophic nutrition: Plants manufacture their own food using simple inorganic substances through photosynthesis.
(ii) Heterotrophic nutrition: Plants obtain nutrients from external organic sources when they cannot produce sufficient food on their own.
(2bii)
(i) Tuber
(ii) Bulb
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(3a)
(i) Collect equal volumes of the different soil types to be tested and place each in separate funnels lined with filter paper.
(ii) Pour a measured amount of water into each soil sample and allow it to drain into labeled measuring cylinders.
(iii) Record the volume of water that drains through each soil type to estimate porosity more drainage indicates higher porosity.
(iv) After drainage stops, weigh the soils to determine how much water each retained.
(v) Compare the retained water among the soils to determine their relative water-holding capacities.
(3b)
(i) Organic matter improves soil structure: It helps bind soil particles into stable aggregates, enhancing aeration and root penetration.
(ii) Organic matter increases water-holding capacity: It acts like a sponge, absorbing and retaining water for plant use.
(iii) Organic matter enhances nutrient supply: It decomposes to release essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
(iv) Organic matter improves cation exchange capacity: It provides negatively charged sites that hold onto nutrient ions and make them available to plants.
(v) Organic matter supports soil organisms: It serves as food for microorganisms and soil fauna, which in turn enhance nutrient cycling and soil fertility.
(3c)
=PHYSICAL WEATHERING=
(i) Temperature changes cause the expansion and contraction of rocks.
(ii) Frost action where water freezes in cracks and widens them.
(iii) Abrasion by wind, water, or moving sediments.
=CHEMICAL WEATHERING=
(i) Hydrolysis where minerals react with water to form new compounds.
(ii) Oxidation caused by the reaction of minerals with oxygen.
(iii) Carbonation where carbonic acid dissolves minerals like limestone.
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PART III
(4a)
(i) Support: The skeleton provides a rigid framework that supports the body and maintains its shape, allowing the attachment of muscles and tissues.
(ii) Protection: Bones protect delicate internal organs from mechanical injury, such as the skull protecting the brain and the rib cage shielding the heart and lungs.
(iii) Movement: Bones serve as levers and points of attachment for muscles, enabling voluntary movements when muscles contract and pull on the bones.
(iv) Mineral storage and blood cell production: Bones store essential minerals like calcium and phosphorus and contain bone marrow, which produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
(4bi)
Blood is a specialized connective tissue that circulates throughout the body, transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products to maintain homeostasis and support life.
(4bii)
(i) Red blood cells: Transport oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and carry carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs for excretion.
(ii) White blood cells: Defend the body against infections by destroying pathogens and producing antibodies.
(iii) Platelets: Aid in blood clotting to prevent excessive bleeding after injury.
(iv) Plasma: A liquid medium that transports nutrients, hormones, waste products, and gases throughout the body.
(v) Proteins in plasma: Maintain osmotic pressure, aid in clotting, and serve as antibodies to fight infections.
(4c)
(i) Reduces the risk of maternal and child mortality by allowing adequate spacing between pregnancies.
(ii) Helps parents provide better care, nutrition, and education for their children.
(iii) Prevents overpopulation, reducing pressure on resources such as food, water, and housing.
(iv) Improves women’s health by preventing frequent or high-risk pregnancies.
(v) Enhances economic stability for families by allowing them to plan and allocate resources effectively.
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(5a)
A hormone is a chemical substance produced by endocrine glands that is transported in the blood to target organs or tissues, where it regulates specific physiological activities.
(5b)
(Draw the diagram)
(5c)
Bending and straightening of the elbow joint occur through the coordinated action of muscles. When the elbow bends, the biceps muscle contracts while the triceps muscle relaxes, pulling the forearm upward. When the elbow straightens, the triceps muscle contracts and the biceps relax, pushing the forearm back to its extended position. This movement is called antagonistic muscle action.
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PART IV
(6a)
[DRAW THE DIAGRAM]
(6b)
(i) Diagnosis and Treatment of Hereditary Diseases: Genetics helps detect conditions like sickle cell anaemia, haemophilia, and Down syndrome early for proper management.
(ii) Genetic Counselling: Couples are advised about the chances of passing hereditary diseases to their children, helping them make informed reproductive decisions.
(iii) Improvement of Food Supply: Genetics helps breeders produce high-yield, disease-resistant crops and animals to improve nutrition and reduce hunger.
(iv) Forensic Science / Crime Detection: DNA fingerprinting is used to identify criminals, settle paternity disputes, and identify disaster victims.
(v) Development of New Medicines (Genetic Engineering): Genetic research enables the production of insulin, vaccines, hormones, and treatment strategies using biotechnology.
(6ci)
Adaptation is the ability of an organism to develop structural, behavioural, or physiological features that enable it to survive successfully in its environment.
(6cii)
Shells and Hard Exoskeletons: Animals like snails, tortoises, and crabs have hard shells or exoskeletons that protect them from predators and harsh environmental conditions.
(ii) Camouflage (Protective Colouration): Animals such as chameleons, stick insects, and lizards have body colours or patterns that allow them to blend with their environment and escape predators.
(iii) Horns, Spines, and Sharp Teeth/Claws: Cows have horns, porcupines have spines, and cats have sharp claws and teeth used to defend themselves or fight against predators.
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