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BIOLOGY OBJ (TYPE A)
01-10: BBBBCCBCCB
11-20: CBBCAACBBB
21-30: BADBBCABCA
31-40: BBCCBCBBDB
41-50: BBCDBABBCB
COMPLETED
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BIOLOGY ANSWERS (TYPE A)
INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER FOUR QUESTIONS ONLY, AT LEAST ONE QUESTION FROM EACH PART.
PART I
(1ai)
(Draw the diagram)
(1aii)
(i) Chloroplast: Chloroplast carries out photosynthesis. It traps sunlight and converts it into chemical energy for the production of glucose.
(ii) Mitochondrion: Mitochondrion carries out cellular respiration. It releases energy from food substances in the form of ATP to support cellular activities.
(1b)
(i) Cell level: This is the basic level where the cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of life capable of carrying out all life processes. Example: An amoeba exists and functions as a single, independent cell.
(ii) Tissue level: This is a level where similar cells with the same structure and function group together to perform a specific task. Example: Muscle tissue in animals or xylem tissue in plants.
(1ci)
Osmosis: Osmosis helps in the movement of water across the cell membrane, maintaining turgor pressure in plant cells, aiding absorption of water by roots, and regulating the balance of water within cells.
(1cii)
Diffusion: Diffusion enables the movement of dissolved substances such as gases, nutrients, and waste products across cell membranes, ensuring the exchange of materials between the cell and its environment.
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PART II
(2ai)
Growth is the irreversible increase in size, mass, and complexity of an organism or part of an organism over time.
(2aii)
(i) Light intensity
(ii) Water availability
(iii) Temperature
(iv) Soil nutrients
(v) Carbon dioxide concentration
(2aiii)
(i) Auxins
(ii) Gibberellins
(2bi)
Germination is the process by which a seed develops into a new plant under favorable conditions.
(2bii)
[IN A TABULAR FORM]
=HYPOGEAL GERMINATION=
(i) Cotyledons remain below the soil surface.
(ii) Epicotyl elongates to push the plumule above the soil.
(iii) Seedlings are usually more protected from environmental hazards.
=EPIGEAL GERMINATION=
(i) Cotyledons are pushed above the soil surface.
(ii) Hypocotyl elongates to lift the cotyledons.
(iii) Seedlings are more exposed but can start photosynthesis early.
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(3ai)
(i) It is required for the formation of proteins for the growth and repair of tissues.
(ii) It is used in the production of nucleic acids that carry genetic information.
(iii) It is needed for the formation of enzymes and certain hormones in organisms.
(3aii)
(i) Nitrogen fixation by bacteria in the soil: Bacteria such as Rhizobium convert atmospheric nitrogen into compounds like nitrates which plants can absorb.
(ii) Lightning and thunder activity: Lightning causes nitrogen to combine with oxygen to form nitrates which are washed into the soil for plant use.
(3b)
(Draw the diagram)
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PART III
(4ai)
(i) Cell body
(ii) Dendrites
(iii) Axon
(4aii)
(Draw the diagram)
(4b)
(i) Medulla oblongata: It controls involuntary activities such as breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, and swallowing.
(ii) Cerebrum: It controls voluntary actions, reasoning, memory, intelligence, thinking, and interpretation of sensations.
(iii) Cerebellum: It coordinates muscular activities and helps in maintaining body balance and posture.
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(5ai)
Metamorphosis is a biological process in which an organism undergoes a series of physical and structural changes as it develops from its immature stage such as an egg or larva into its adult form.
(5aii)
(i) Complete metamorphosis: The organism passes through four distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Examples: Butterfly, and Housefly.
(ii) Incomplete metamorphosis: The organism develops through three stages: egg, nymph, and adult, without a pupal stage. Examples: Grasshopper and Cockroach.
(5bi)
(i) Ants
(ii) Termites
(iii) Bees
(iv) Wasps
(5bii)
(i) Insects serve as pollinators of many crops: They help in transferring pollen grains from one flower to another, which leads to the formation of fruits and seeds, thereby increasing agricultural productivity.
(ii) Insects contribute to soil fertility: Decomposing insects break down dead plants and animals, returning nutrients to the soil and improving its structure and fertility.
(iii) Insects act as biological control agents: Some insects feed on harmful pests, helping farmers reduce the use of chemical pesticides and maintain ecological balance.
(iv) Insects provide valuable products: They produce useful materials such as honey, beeswax, silk, and lac, which are important in food, cosmetics, and textile industries.
(v) Insects serve as a source of food and income: Edible insects are consumed in many parts of the world as a protein-rich food, and insect farming creates employment and income opportunities.
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PART IV
(6ai)
(i) Charles Darwin
(ii) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
(iii) Alfred Russel Wallace
(6aii)
(i) Fossil records
(ii) Comparative anatomy
(iii) Comparative embryology
(iv) Molecular (DNA) evidence
(6bi)
(i) Presence of tendrils: Plants such as passionflower use long, coiling tendrils to wrap around support structures, helping them climb toward sunlight.
(ii) Development of twining stems: Plants like yam and bean possess flexible stems that twist around tree trunks or poles, allowing them to grow upward.
(iii) Presence of adhesive roots: Climbing plants such as ivy produce small aerial roots that stick to tree bark or walls, supporting vertical growth.
(iv) Use of hooks or thorns: Plants like rattan have sharp hooks that grip onto nearby trees, enabling them to climb and secure themselves as they grow.
(6ci)
(i) Water enables photosynthesis: Plants in the tropical rainforest rely on water as a raw material for photosynthesis, helping them produce food and release oxygen for other organisms.
(ii) Water regulates body temperature: Many animals use water from rainfall, rivers, and humidity to cool their bodies through sweating, panting, or bathing, preventing overheating in the hot environment.
(iii) Water supports transportation of nutrients: In plants, water dissolves and transports mineral salts from the soil to leaves, while in animals it carries digested food, hormones, and waste products through the bloodstream.
(iv) Water provides habitats: Many rainforest organisms such as frogs, fish, insects, and crocodiles depend on streams, ponds, and swampy areas as breeding grounds, feeding sites, and shelter.
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