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AGRIC OBJ (TYPE B)
01-10: AADADCCDAA
11-20: DCDCBBDDAD
21-30: BDCCBCDADD
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41-50: DACCDDADAD
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AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE ANSWERS (TYPE B)
INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER FIVE(5) QUESTIONS ONLY.
(1a)
(i) Wash and dry the watering can after each use to prevent rust and blockage.
(ii) Store the watering can in a clean, dry place away from direct sunlight and rain.
(iii) Regularly check and repair leaks or damaged parts, including the nozzle and handle.
(1b)
(i) International Fund for Agricultural Development.
(ii) Food and Agriculture Organization.
(iii) World Health Organization.
(iv) United Nations Development Programme.
(v) Oxfam International.
(vi) ActionAid International.
(1c)
(i) It increases the production of goods on a large scale, making food and raw materials readily available.
(ii) It creates employment opportunities in farming, processing, packaging, and distribution.
(iii) It encourages the use of modern machines and technologies, which improves efficiency.
(iv) It promotes specialization, allowing farmers to focus on specific crops or livestock for higher productivity.
(v) It increases export earnings through the sale of surplus agricultural products to other countries.
(vi) It supports the development of agro-based industries, boosting economic growth.
(1d)
(i) High cost of operation and maintenance: Bulldozers require large amounts of fuel to run, and their parts are expensive to repair or replace, making them costly for many farmers to operate and maintain.
(ii) Destruction of soil structure: The heavy weight of a bulldozer compacts the soil, reducing air spaces and hindering water infiltration, which can lead to poor root development and reduced soil fertility over time.
(iii) Damage to useful vegetation and soil organisms: When clearing land, a bulldozer removes both unwanted and beneficial plants and disrupts the habitat of soil organisms, which can negatively affect soil health and long-term agricultural productivity.
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(2a)
Farm surveying is the process of measuring, mapping, and determining the boundaries, features, and layout of farmland to aid proper planning, management, and development of agricultural activities.
(2b)
(i) It reduces the number of able-bodied labourers available for farm work.
(ii) It leads to decreased agricultural output due to a shortage of manpower.
(iii) It causes abandonment of farmlands, leading to lower food production.
(iv) It increases the cost of farm labour as fewer workers remain in rural areas.
(v) It slows down agricultural development and the adoption of new technologies.
(vi) It results in reduced income for rural communities, weakening the rural economy.
(2ci)
BUSH BURNING:
(i) Loss of soil nutrients: Burning destroys organic matter and releases essential nutrients into the atmosphere instead of allowing them to enrich the soil.
(ii) Exposure to erosion: The removal of vegetation cover leaves the soil bare, making it easily washed away by rain or blown off by wind.
(2cii)
OVERGRAZING:
(i) Soil compaction: Continuous trampling by animals presses the soil particles together, reducing air spaces and water infiltration.
(ii) Reduction of vegetation cover: Excessive grazing removes protective plant cover, increasing the chances of erosion and land degradation.
(2ciii)
CLEAN CLEARING:
(i) Loss of organic matter: Removing all vegetation prevents leaves and plant residues from decomposing and enriching the soil.
(ii) Increased erosion: Without plant cover, the soil becomes more vulnerable to being washed or blown away.
(2civ)
FERTILIZER APPLICATION:
(i) Improvement of soil fertility: Proper application of supplies essential nutrients that boost crop growth and yield.
(ii) Soil acidity or nutrient imbalance: Excessive or continuous use can acidify the soil or create nutrient imbalance, reducing soil productivity over time.
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(3a)
The carbon cycle is the natural process through which carbon moves continuously between the atmosphere, plants, animals, soil, water bodies, and the earth. It involves processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and combustion.
(3b)
(i) It supplies plants with carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis.
(ii) It helps in the formation of carbohydrates which provide energy to plants and animals.
(iii) It regulates the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere for temperature balance.
(iv) It returns nutrients to the soil through decomposition, improving soil fertility for crops.
(v) It supports the growth of plants that serve as food for animals.
(vi) It helps maintain the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the environment.
(3c)
(i) Checking engine oil level.
(ii) Inspecting and cleaning the air filter.
(iii) Checking the water/coolant level in the radiator.
(iv) Inspecting tyres for correct pressure and damage.
(v) Checking the battery electrolyte level and terminals.
(vi) Greasing moving parts and linkages.
(3d)
(i) Breaking soil clods: It reduces large soil lumps after ploughing to produce a fine tilth for planting.
(ii) Levelling the soil surface: It smoothens the ground to ensure uniform seed placement and easier field operations.
(iii) Incorporating materials: It mixes manure, fertilizers, and crop residues into the soil to improve soil structure and fertility.
(iv) Weed control: It uproots or buries weeds during land preparation to reduce competition for nutrients and moisture.
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(4a)
(i) Yield reduction: Insect pests feed on leaves, stems, roots, and fruits, reducing crop growth and leading to significant loss in total yield.
(ii) Quality deterioration: They cause damage such as holes, scars, and contamination, reducing the market value and acceptability of produce.
(iii) Increased production cost: Farmers spend more money on pesticides, labour, and control measures to reduce pest infestation, increasing overall production expenses.
(iv) Transmission of diseases: Many insect pests act as vectors, spreading viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases that further reduce crop productivity.
(v) Post-harvest losses: Storage pests destroy grains and stored products, causing economic losses during storage, marketing, and processing.
(vi) Reduction in export value: Pest-infested crops fail to meet international standards, leading to rejection of export consignments and financial loss to farmers and the nation.
(4b)
(i) Low productivity: Animals constantly move from place to place in search of pasture and water, reducing their growth rate, milk yield, and overall performance.
(ii) Land degradation: Continuous animal movement leads to overgrazing, soil compaction, and destruction of vegetation, causing long-term environmental damage.
(iii) Disease spread: Moving herds from one region to another increases the risk of transmitting diseases between animals and communities.
(iv) Poor record keeping and management: Nomadic farmers rarely keep proper records, provide regular feeding, or maintain controlled breeding, resulting in low efficiency and poor animal improvement.
(4c)
(i) Ensures survival of young: Fostering allows orphaned, weak, or rejected offspring to receive milk and care from another lactating female, increasing their chances of survival.
(ii) Balances lactation demand: It helps match the number of offspring to the mother’s milk supply, preventing underfeeding or overfeeding and improving overall growth of the young.
(4d)
(i) Poor nutrition
(ii) Inadequate housing
(iii) Overcrowding
(iv) Poor hygiene and sanitation
(v) Stress
(vi) Parasite infestation
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(5a)
A ration is the total quantity of feed given to an animal in a 24-hour period that provides all the nutrients required for maintenance, growth, reproduction, and production.
(5b)
(i) Water availability
(ii) Soil type
(iii) Topography of the land
(iv) Accessibility to the site
(v) Water quality
(vi) Protection from predators
(5c)
(i) Disease transmission: Ticks act as vectors for diseases such as babesiosis and anaplasmosis, which affect animal health and productivity.
(ii) Reduced growth rate: Infestation by ticks weakens animals, causing slower weight gain and lower meat production.
(iii) Decreased milk production: Heavy tick infestation stresses animals, leading to a decline in milk yield.
(iv) Skin damage: Tick bites cause wounds and scarring, reducing the quality and market value of hides and skins.
(v) Increased production cost: Farmers spend money on acaricides and labor to control ticks, raising overall production expenses.
(vi) Mortality: Severe infestations can lead to the death of animals, causing direct financial losses to farmers.
(5d)
(i) West African Dwarf
(ii) Sahelian
(iii) Red Sokoto
(iv) Kano Brown
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(6a)
Agricultural extension is the process of educating and providing farmers with information, skills, and technologies to enhance agricultural productivity, improve farm management, and enhance rural livelihoods.
(6b)
(i) Inadequate funding: Limited financial resources restrict the ability to hire personnel, provide training, and supply extension materials, reducing the effectiveness of extension services.
(ii) Poor infrastructure: Lack of roads, transport, and communication facilities makes it difficult for extension workers to reach rural farmers regularly.
(iii) Insufficient extension personnel: There are not enough trained extension agents to cover the vast number of farmers, leading to poor farmer contact and follow-up.
(iv) Low farmer literacy and awareness: Many farmers have limited education, making it difficult for them to understand or adopt modern agricultural practices.
(v) Resistance to change: Some farmers are reluctant to adopt new technologies due to traditional beliefs, fear of risks, or previous negative experiences, hindering successful extension implementation.
(6c)
(i) Educating farmers: They teach modern farming techniques and innovations to improve productivity.
(ii) Advising farmers: They provide guidance on crop and livestock management, pest control, and soil fertility.
(iii) Demonstrating practices: They organize field demonstrations to show the benefits of improved technologies.
(iv) Linking farmers to resources: They connect farmers with credit facilities, inputs, markets, and government programs.
(v) Monitoring and evaluation: They assess farm activities to ensure proper implementation and provide feedback for improvement.
(6d)
(i) Financial planning: Records help farmers track income and expenditure for better budgeting and cost control.
(ii) Decision making: Accurate records provide information for making informed production and investment decisions.
(iii) Monitoring performance: They allow farmers to evaluate the success of different enterprises and practices.
(iv) Legal and credit purposes: Records serve as proof of ownership, production, and income when applying for loans or subsidies.
(v) Identifying trends and problems: They help detect recurring issues, monitor animal or crop growth, and plan for future improvements.
(6e)
The useful life of farm machinery is the period during which the machinery can be effectively used for farm operations before it becomes inefficient, obsolete, or uneconomical to repair.
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(7a)
Apiculture is the practice of rearing and managing bees for the production of honey, beeswax, and other bee-related products.
(7b)
(i) Honey production: Bees produce honey, which is a nutritious food, a source of income, and has medicinal uses.
(ii) Beeswax production: Bees produce wax that can be used in candle making, cosmetics, and as a sealing material, generating additional income.
(iii) Pollination of crops: Bees help in the pollination of flowers, increasing crop yield and improving the quality of fruits and seeds.
(iv) Employment and income generation: Beekeeping provides jobs and business opportunities, contributing to rural livelihoods and economic development.
(7c)
(i) Personal savings
(ii) Cooperative societies
(iii) Commercial banks
(iv) Microfinance institutions
(v) Government grants and subsidies
(vi) Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
(7d)
(i) Lack of collateral: Many farmers do not have property or assets to pledge as security, limiting their access to loans.
(ii) High interest rates: Expensive loan terms discourage farmers from borrowing and increase the cost of capital.
(iii) Bureaucratic procedures: Complex and time-consuming application processes make it difficult for farmers to access credit.
(iv) Low financial literacy: Farmers may lack knowledge about loan applications, repayment terms, and record-keeping, reducing their chances of approval.
(v) Irregular income: Seasonal and unpredictable farm earnings make lenders hesitant to provide loans due to repayment uncertainty.
(vi) Limited banking services in rural areas: Poor access to financial institutions in remote regions prevents farmers from applying for loans.
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