ECONOMICS SOLUTIONS
ECONOMICS OBJ
01-10: CBCCDBACBC
11-20: BCBADBDACB
21-30: ABCADACBDD
31-40: CBBBBCABAB
41-50: DDDCAABCCC
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PART I; ANSWER ONE(1) QUESTIONS FROM THIS PART
(2a)
[TABULATE]
Length (x): 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16
Frequency (f): 4, 2, 6, 2, 2, 2, 2
fx: 16, 12, 48, 20, 24, 28, 32
Σx = 70
Σf = 20
Σfx = 180
(2b)
To calculate the mean:
x̄ = Σfx/Σf
x̄ = 180/20
x̄ = 9
(2c)
To calculate the median:
Arranging the lengths in ascending order:
4, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 10, 10, 12, 12, 14, 14, 16, 16
The median is the average of the 10th and 11th values.
Median = (8+8)/2
Median = 16/2
Median = 8
(2d)
The mode is 8
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PART II; ANSWER FOUR(4) QUESTIONS FROM THIS PART
(3a)
Production refers to the process of creating goods and services to satisfy human wants and needs. It involves transforming inputs, such as raw materials, labor, and capital, into outputs, which can be goods or services.
(3b)
(i) Economies of Scale: Large scale production often leads to economies of scale, which means that the average cost per unit decreases as the level of production increases. This is because fixed costs, like machinery and infrastructure, can be spread over a larger number of units, reducing the cost per unit.
(ii) Cost Efficiency: With mass production, the cost of producing each unit is lower due to streamlined processes, specialized machinery, and efficient use of resources. This cost efficiency allows companies to offer products at lower prices, making them more competitive in the market.
(iii) Specialization of Labor: Large scale production allows for the division of labor and specialization. Workers can focus on specific tasks, becoming highly skilled and efficient in their roles. This specialization contributes to increased overall productivity.
(iv) Technological Advancements: Large scale production often drives technological advancements. To meet the demands of mass production, companies invest in research and development, leading to the creation and improvement of technology and machinery. This, in turn, enhances overall efficiency and quality.
(v) Market Dominance: Companies engaged in large scale production can achieve market dominance. By producing large quantities of goods at competitive prices, they can capture a significant share of the market. This market dominance can lead to increased bargaining power with suppliers and retailers.
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(4)
(i) Infrastructure: Inadequate transportation infrastructure, such as poor road networks and limited access to reliable electricity, can hinder the efficient distribution of goods across the country.
(ii) Logistics: Nigeria’s vast size and diverse geography pose logistical challenges in terms of reaching remote areas and ensuring timely delivery of goods. This can result in delays, increased costs, and difficulties in maintaining consistent supply chains.
(iii) Market Fragmentation: Nigeria’s market is highly fragmented, with a large population spread across different regions and cultural preferences. This makes it challenging for businesses to effectively target and reach their desired customer segments.
(iv) Counterfeit Products: The presence of counterfeit goods in the market undermines consumer trust and poses a significant challenge for legitimate businesses. It can lead to a loss of revenue, brand reputation, and customer loyalty.
(v) Limited Market Information: Access to accurate and up-to-date market information, such as consumer trends, demand patterns, and competitor analysis, can be limited in Nigeria. This lack of information can make it difficult for businesses to make informed decisions and develop effective marketing strategies.
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(5a)
Human capital development refers to the process of enhancing the knowledge, skills, abilities, and other attributes of individuals, with the aim of increasing their productivity and effectiveness in their work or societal roles.
(5b)
(i) Education and Training: The quality and relevance of education and training have a significant impact on the efficiency of human capital. A well-educated and trained workforce is better prepared to perform complex tasks, adapt to changing technologies, and contribute positively to economic growth.
(ii) Health and Well-being: The physical and mental well-being of individuals also affect their efficiency as human capital. Good health enables individuals to perform their tasks effectively and reduces absenteeism. Healthier individuals tend to have higher productivity levels and are less likely to require time off due to illness.
(iii) Work Environment: The work environment, including factors such as workplace culture, job design, and work-life balance, plays a crucial role in human capital efficiency. A positive work environment fosters motivation, engagement, and innovation, leading to higher levels of productivity and job satisfaction.
(iv) Incentives and Rewards: The presence of appropriate incentives and rewards can greatly influence the efficiency of human capital. Financial incentives, recognition, and career advancement opportunities incentivize individuals to perform at their best. A well-designed reward system can enhance employee motivation and productivity.
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(6ai)
Privatization is the process of transferring ownership, control, and management of state-owned enterprises or assets to private entities. In other words, it involves the sale or transfer of government-owned businesses and industries to private individuals or companies.
(6aii)
(i) Efficiency: Privatisation is often associated with increased efficiency in the management and operation of businesses. Private companies are generally motivated by profit, and they have incentives to cut costs, innovate, and improve productivity to remain competitive in the market.
(ii) Innovation: Private enterprises are often more responsive to market demands and changes. In a competitive environment, they are driven to innovate and adopt new technologies to enhance their products or services. This can lead to increased overall innovation in the industry.
(iii) Fiscal Relief: Governments can generate revenue by selling state-owned assets. The proceeds from privatization can be used to reduce public debt, invest in other priority areas, or fund public services. It can also lead to a reduction in the financial burden on the government to support and subsidize inefficient state-owned enterprises.
(6bi)
Deregulation is the process of reducing or eliminating government regulations and restrictions on industries, businesses, and economic activities. The aim is to promote competition, increase efficiency, and stimulate economic growth by allowing the market forces to operate more freely.
(6bii)
(i) Competition and Innovation: Deregulation fosters competition by removing barriers to entry and allowing new players to enter the market. Increased competition often leads to innovation as companies strive to differentiate themselves and improve their products or services to gain a competitive edge.
(ii) Cost Reduction: Deregulation can lead to cost reductions for businesses. With fewer regulatory requirements and compliance costs, companies can operate more efficiently. This, in turn, may result in lower prices for consumers as companies can pass on some of the cost savings.
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(7)
(i) Limited Market Integration: Fragmented markets and trade barriers within the region can restrict access to larger markets, hindering economies of scale and competitiveness.
(ii) Inadequate Research and Development: Limited investment in research and development activities can hinder innovation and the development of new technologies.
(iii) Weak Value Chains: Insufficient linkages between different stages of production and limited processing capabilities can limit the value addition and competitiveness of industries.
(iv) Environmental Challenges: Issues such as deforestation, pollution, and climate change can have adverse effects on industrial activities and sustainability.
(v) Political Instability and Conflict: Political instability, social unrest, and conflicts in some West African countries can disrupt industrial activities and deter investment.
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(8a)
A population census is the systematic collection, compilation, analysis, and interpretation of demographic, economic, and social data pertaining to all the individuals living in a specific country or region at a particular point in time.
(8b)
(i) Undercounting: Undercounting occurs when certain individuals or groups are not included in the census count. This can happen due to various reasons, such as remote or inaccessible areas, cultural factors, or individuals intentionally avoiding participation. In Nigeria, some communities may be difficult to reach, leading to underrepresentation in the census.
(ii) Mismanagement and Corruption:
Mismanagement and corruption within the census process can result in inaccurate figures. This may involve manipulation of data, bribery, or political interference. In some cases, individuals or groups may attempt to inflate or deflate population figures for political or economic gain.
(iii) Lack of Public Awareness and Participation:
Inaccuracies can arise when there is a lack of awareness or understanding among the population about the importance of the census. This may lead to low participation rates, especially in marginalized or distrustful communities. In Nigeria, factors such as low literacy rates and language barriers can contribute to a lack of understanding about the census.
(iv) Security Challenges:
Security challenges, including conflict and insurgency, can disrupt the census process and lead to inaccurate figures. In regions affected by violence or unrest, it may be difficult to conduct an accurate count due to population displacement, fear of participation, or logistical challenges.
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