ADVANCED PLUMBING AND PIPE FITTING
SECTION A; ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
(1a)
Hardness of water refers to the concentration of certain minerals, primarily calcium and magnesium ions, present in water. These minerals enter the water as it passes through rocks and soil, dissolving and becoming dissolved ions.
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(2)
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) Tank: This is the main body of the cylinder where hot water is stored.
(ii) Heating Element: A heating element, such as an electric immersion heater, is used to heat the water within the tank.
(iii) Thermostat: The thermostat monitors and regulates the temperature of the water inside the cylinder, ensuring it stays within a desired range.
(iv) Insulation: Insulation is crucial to prevent heat loss from the cylinder, improving energy efficiency and reducing heating costs.
(v) Dip Tube: The dip tube allows cold water to enter the cylinder and directs it to the bottom of the tank, ensuring it’s heated properly.
(vi) Expansion Pipe: The expansion pipe provides a route for hot water expansion and pressure relief, protecting the cylinder from damage due to excessive pressure.
(vii) Immersion Heater Control: This component allows the user to adjust and control the operation of the immersion heater(s) within the cylinder.
(viii) Drain Valve: The drain valve enables the removal or drainage of water from the cylinder for maintenance or repairs.
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(3)
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) Evaporation: If a trap is not used frequently or if it is installed in a location with high temperatures, the water in the trap can evaporate, leading to a loss of the water seal.
(ii) Siphonage: Excessive negative pressure caused by siphoning action can drain the water from the trap, breaking the seal. This can occur when water flows rapidly down a drain pipe, creating a vacuum effect that pulls the water out of the trap.
(iii) Backpressure: High pressure in the drainage system can push water out of the trap, eliminating the water seal. This can happen if there is a blockage downstream that causes a buildup of pressure.
(iv) Improper venting: Inadequate or incorrect venting of the drainage system can result in air pressure imbalances, which can force water out of the trap, breaking the seal.
(v) Damage to the trap: Physical damage to the trap, such as cracks or leaks, can cause water to escape and result in a loss of the water seal.
(vi) Blocked or clogged trap: If a trap becomes filled with debris, such as hair, grease, or solid waste, it can obstruct the flow of water and compromise the water seal.
(vii) Improper trap installation: If a trap is not installed correctly or if it is not designed for the specific application, it may fail to maintain a proper water seal.
(viii) Trap drying out during extended periods of inactivity: If a plumbing fixture or drain is not used for an extended period, the water in the trap can evaporate, leading to a loss of the water seal.
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(4)
A back inlet gully is a drainage system used to capture and redirect surface water and waste from buildings and paved areas. Its purpose is to prevent flooding and water damage by providing a controlled outlet for excess water to flow away from the property.
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(5)
(i) A back boiler is an integrated heating system where the boiler is connected to a fireplace or stove, while an independent boiler is a standalone heating system that is not connected to any particular source of heat.
(ii) A back boiler circulates hot water or steam to both the radiators and the hot water taps in a house, while an independent boiler heats water solely for either the radiators or the hot water taps.
(iii) Back boilers require a source of solid fuel, such as wood or coal, to generate heat, while independent boilers can be powered by various fuels, including gas, oil, or electricity.
(iv) Back boilers are commonly used in older homes, especially those with traditional fireplaces, while independent boilers are widely employed in both old and modern buildings.
(v) Back boilers installation are more complex and expensive due to the need for fireplace or stove integration, while independent boilers are relatively straightforward to install.
(vi) Back boilers may have slightly lower energy efficiency due to the integration with the fireplace, while independent boilers can be more energy efficient with advanced technology and insulation.
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(6)
(i) Preparation: Ensure that the drainage system is properly installed and all connections are secure. Make sure that all drain traps, seals, and backwater valves are in place.
(ii) Gather necessary equipment: You will need a smoke machine or smoke generator, smoke pellets or smoke solution, a blower or fan, and a ladder.
(iii) Block all outlets: Close or block all outlet openings in the drainage system, including sinks, floor drains, toilets, and other fixtures. You can use rags, plugs, or caps to seal the openings. This is necessary to create pressure inside the pipes.
(iv) Seal the main cleanout: Locate the main cleanout point of the drainage system and seal it tightly. This will prevent the smoke from escaping through this point and force it to flow through the pipes.
(v) Set up the smoke machine: Connect the smoke machine or smoke generator to the drainage system, preferably through the main cleanout. Ensure proper connections and secure any openings to prevent smoke leakage.
(vi) Start the smoke test: Turn on the smoke machine or ignite the smoke pellets, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The smoke will start to flow through the pipes, and any leaks or faulty connections will be revealed by the smoke escaping from these points.
(vii) Inspect for smoke leakage: Carefully inspect the entire drainage system, including all pipe joints, connections, and access points. Look for any signs of smoke escaping, such as visible smoke, unusual smells, or the presence of smoke outside the drainage system.
(viii) Fix any identified issues: If any leaks or faults are found during the smoke test, mark the locations and make the necessary repairs or adjustments to address the issues. Once the adjustments are made, repeat the smoke test to ensure the problem has been resolved.
(ix) Complete the test and clean up: Once the smoke test is completed and all issues are fixed, turn off the smoke machine and remove it from the drainage system. Unblock all outlets and make sure the system is clear of smoke. Clean up any residual smoke or residue and dispose of any used smoke pellets or solution properly.
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(7)
(i) Copper: Copper forms the majority of the composition in a bronze welding rod. It provides strength, ductility, and thermal conductivity to the rod.
(ii) Tin: Tin is added to bronze welding rods as an alloying element. It improves the corrosion resistance and strength of the weld.
(iii) Zinc: Zinc is sometimes present in small amounts in bronze welding rods to enhance the fluidity of the molten metal during the welding process.
(iv) Flux coating: Bronze welding rods are often coated with flux to remove impurities, prevent oxidation, and facilitate the flow of molten metal during the welding process. The flux coating also helps in minimizing heat-affected zones and promoting a strong and clean weld.
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(8)
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) Population growth: An increasing population will lead to higher water demands, resulting in higher per capita consumption.
(ii) Economic development: As economies grow, there is typically an increase in industrial and commercial activities, leading to higher water usage per person.
(iii) Urbanization: As more people move to urban areas, the demand for water supply increases due to factors such as increased household sizes, higher standards of living, and the need for more extensive infrastructure.
(iv) Climate and weather conditions: Areas with hotter and drier climates will generally have higher water consumption per capita for domestic and agricultural purposes.
(v) Water availability and scarcity: Regions with limited water resources or experiencing periods of drought may have lower per capita consumption as water supplies are rationed or restricted.
(vi) Water pricing: The cost of water can influence consumption patterns, as higher prices may encourage conservation and more efficient use.
(vii) Technological advancements: Improved water management technologies, such as water-efficient appliances, irrigation systems, and leak detection technologies, can help reduce per capita consumption.
(viii) Education and awareness: Public education initiatives on water conservation, efficient water use, and the importance of water resources can lead to behavioral changes and reduction in per capita consumption.
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(9)
(PICK TWO ONLY)
(i) Heat storage: A calorifier stores and retains hot water, allowing for a constant supply of heated water to be readily available when needed.
(ii) Heat transfer: The calorifier facilitates the transfer of heat from a primary heat source, such as a boiler or heat pump, to the water within the system. This ensures that the water is heated to the desired temperature.
(iii) Distribution: The calorifier distributes the heated water to various points of use within the building, such as taps, showers, and other outlets.
(iv) Temperature maintenance: By storing hot water, the calorifier helps maintain the desired temperature for an extended period, reducing the need for frequent heating cycles.
(v) Efficiency improvement: Calorifiers can enhance the overall efficiency of a hot water heating system. They can be designed with insulation materials to minimize heat loss, ensuring that the stored hot water remains at the desired temperature.
(vi) System balancing: Calorifiers help balance the water flow and pressure throughout the hot water heating system, ensuring equal distribution of heated water to different areas or floors of a building.
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(10)
(i) Monitoring System Pressure: The altitude gauge measures the pressure within the heating system, allowing the operator or maintenance personnel to monitor it effectively. This information is crucial for maintaining system performance and efficiency.
(ii) Safety: The altitude gauge serves as a safety device by providing an indication of pressure levels. If the pressure exceeds the safe limit, it can be an early warning sign of potential issues such as overpressure or blockages. This allows prompt action to be taken to prevent accidents or equipment damage.
(iii) Diagnosing Problems: By monitoring the pressure with an altitude gauge, it becomes easier to identify and diagnose any problems within the heating system. Significant fluctuations or abnormal readings can indicate issues like leaks, faulty valves, or pump malfunctions, enabling timely repairs or maintenance.
(iv) Balancing the System: In multi-story buildings or systems with varying elevations, the altitude gauge helps balance the pressure across different levels. It ensures that each floor receives an adequate amount of hot water while maintaining a consistent pressure throughout the system.
(v) Optimizing Efficiency: By monitoring the pressure, the altitude gauge helps optimize the heating system’s efficiency. It allows adjustments to be made to the system’s controls or settings, ensuring that the pressure is at the optimal level for effective heat distribution and minimized energy consumption.
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SECTION B; ANSWER FIVE QUESTIONS ONLY
(12)
Draw the diagram
[img]https://i.ibb.co/k0pBD9C/Bath-and-shower.jpg[/img]
=WORKING PRINCIPLES OF BATH AND SHOWER=
(i) Water supply: The first principle of a bath and shower installation is to ensure a reliable water supply. The system is typically connected to the main water line of the building, which delivers fresh water to different fixtures. The water supply can be controlled through valves, allowing the user to turn it on and off as needed.
(ii) Mixing of hot and cold water: To achieve the desired water temperature, the bath and shower installation includes a mixing valve. This valve allows the user to adjust the ratio of hot and cold water flowing into the fixture. By turning the valve, the user can increase or decrease the temperature of the water to their preference.
(iii) Faucet control: The bath and shower installation incorporates a faucet control mechanism. This mechanism consists of handles or knobs that control the flow of water from the fixture. The user can adjust the flow rate of both hot and cold water by turning the handles clockwise or counterclockwise.
(iv) Showerhead operation: In a shower installation, there is a showerhead that distributes the water. The showerhead is typically mounted on a shower arm, allowing it to be adjusted to the desired height and angle. The user can turn the showerhead on and off independently of the bathtub faucet, allowing them to choose between bathing and showering.
(v) Draining system: Once the water has been used, the bath and shower installation includes a draining system. This system consists of a drainpipe connected to the bathtub or shower tray. The drainpipe facilitates the removal of used water, ensuring that it does not accumulate in the fixture.
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(13a)
=PRINCIPLES OF GAS WELDING=
(i) Combustion: Gas welding relies on the combustion process to generate the necessary heat for welding. A fuel gas, typically acetylene, is combined with oxygen to create a flame with a temperature sufficient for metal fusion.
(ii) Heat Concentration: Gas welding utilizes a flame produced by the combustion of fuel gas and oxygen. The flame’s heat is concentrated on the workpiece to melt and fuse the metal surfaces together.
(iii) Filler Material: Gas welding often requires the addition of a filler material to facilitate the joining of two metal pieces. The filler material, typically a metal rod, melts and forms a molten pool along with the base metals, helping to create a strong bond upon solidification.
(iv) Control of Flame: Gas welding involves controlling the characteristics of the flame, such as temperature, flame shape, and flame intensity, to achieve optimal welding conditions. Proper control of the flame is crucial to ensure effective heat transfer and avoid defects in the weld.
(v) Metal Preparation: Gas welding requires the metal surfaces to be clean and free from contaminants, such as rust, oil, or paint. Proper preparation of the metal surfaces ensures better fusion and stronger welds.
=APPLICATIONS OF GAS WELDING=
(i) Repair and Maintenance: Gas welding is commonly used for repairing and maintaining various metal components, such as automotive parts, machinery, and agricultural equipment. It allows for on-site repairs and can be used in situations where electricity is not readily available.
(ii) Fabrication: Gas welding is suitable for fabricating metal structures, including framework, gates, fences, and other similar applications. It provides a reliable and cost-effective method for joining metal elements.
(iii) Plumbing and Pipefitting: Gas welding is employed in plumbing and pipefitting to join metal pipes and fittings. It allows for precise and secure connections, particularly in situations where the use of electricity is impractical or hazardous.
(iv) Art and Sculpture: Gas welding techniques, such as oxy-fuel welding and brazing, are frequently used in artistic and sculptural applications. Artists often utilize gas welding to create intricate metal sculptures or to join metal components in their artwork.
(v) Jewelry Making: Gas welding, specifically oxy-acetylene welding, is commonly employed in jewelry making to join precious metals, such as gold and silver. It offers precise control over the heat input and allows for delicate and intricate soldering or brazing work.
(13b)
(i) Safety: A complete circuit ensures that electrical current flows in a controlled manner, minimizing the risk of electric shock or injury to the operator or others. When the circuit is complete, the current follows the intended path through the electrode holder, workpiece, and back to the power source.
(ii) Efficient power transfer: A complete circuit allows for the efficient transfer of electrical power from the power source to the electrode holder. This ensures that the electrode receives the necessary current to create the desired arc and perform the job effectively.
(iii) Weld quality: A complete circuit is essential for producing high-quality welds. It enables the electrode to maintain a stable arc, providing consistent heat and penetration. It also ensures proper fusion and bonding of the workpiece materials, resulting in a strong and durable weld joint.
(iv) Control and adjustment: When the circuit is complete, the operator has better control over the welding process. They can adjust the welding parameters, such as voltage and current, to achieve the desired weld characteristics. By regulating the circuit, the operator can control the deposition rate, penetration depth, and overall weld quality.
(v) Monitoring and troubleshooting: A complete circuit allows for better monitoring of the welding process. Through techniques like measuring voltage and current, the operator can assess the stability and performance of the circuit.
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(14)
Draw the diagram
(i) Impeller: The centrifugal pump contains an impeller, which is a rotating component consisting of curved blades. The impeller is typically composed of metal or plastic and is designed to accelerate the fluid.
(ii) Inlet: The fluid enters the centrifugal pump through the inlet, often called the suction or inlet port. The size and shape of the inlet are designed to direct the fluid to the impeller.
(iii) Centrifugal force: As the impeller rotates, it creates a centrifugal force, which is the force pulling the fluid away from the impeller’s center. This force generates a pressure difference between the center and the periphery of the impeller.
(iv) Kinetic energy transfer: The centrifugal force causes the fluid to gain kinetic energy, resulting in its acceleration. As the fluid moves from the impeller’s center to its periphery, its velocity increases.
(v) Outlet: The fluid exits the centrifugal pump through the outlet, often called the discharge or outlet port. The size and shape of the outlet are designed to direct the pressurized fluid toward the desired direction or system.
(vi) Casing: Surrounding the impeller is a casing, which is a stationary component that encloses the impeller. The casing is designed to control the flow of fluid and convert the kinetic energy into pressure energy. It ensures that the fluid’s path is directed towards the outlet.
(vii) Pressure generation: As the fluid gains kinetic energy and its velocity increases, the pressure within the pump casing decreases. This creates a pressure difference between the suction and discharge ports, causing the fluid to be forced out through the outlet.
(viii) Performance control: Various factors affect the pump’s performance, including the impeller design, pump speed, and system resistance. These factors can be adjusted to control the pump’s flow rate and pressure.
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(15)
Draw the diagram
=FUNCTIONS OF THE COLLECTOR=
(i) Absorption of solar radiation: The collector is designed to absorb the maximum amount of solar radiation. This is accomplished through a surface material with high absorbance properties, such as a selective coating or dark-colored surface.
(ii) Conversion of solar energy to heat: Once the solar radiation is absorbed, the collector converts it into heat energy. This is usually achieved by transferring the absorbed radiation to a fluid medium, such as water or air, through conduction or convection.
(iii) Heat transfer medium circulation: The collector includes a system to circulate the heated fluid medium, transferring the captured heat to the desired location within the solar energy system. This circulation can be achieved using pumps or natural convection.
(iv) Insulation: To minimize heat loss, the collector is typically equipped with insulation materials. These insulation layers help to reduce heat transfer from the collector’s absorber surface to the surrounding environment, thereby maximizing heat gain.
(v) Structural support: The collector requires a sturdy structure to withstand environmental conditions and maintain its shape. This support system ensures that the collector remains in the proper position, allowing for optimal solar radiation exposure.
(vi) Protection from external elements: The collector is designed to protect the enclosed components from external elements, such as dust, debris, and moisture. This protection ensures the efficient and continuous operation of the collector over its lifespan.
(vii) Integration with the energy system: The collector is interconnected with the rest of the solar energy system, such as a solar water heating system or solar thermal power plant. This integration enables the transfer of captured heat to where it is needed, such as hot water storage or power generation.
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(16)
(i) Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including a welding helmet with a shade filter, safety glasses, fire-resistant clothing, gloves, and safety boots.
(ii) Ensure good ventilation in the welding area to prevent the accumulation of harmful gases, fumes, and smoke.
(iii) Keep a fire extinguisher readily available and know how to use it in case of an emergency.
(iv) Inspect all equipment before use to ensure it is in good working condition, including regulators, hoses, and torches.
(v) Keep the work area clear of flammable materials, such as solvents, lubricants, and fuels.
(vi) Secure gas cylinders upright and properly fastened to a sturdy wall or cart to prevent them from tipping over.
(vii) Use flashback arrestors at the regulators and torch to prevent the backflow of gases and potential explosions.
(viii) Never use oil or grease on fittings or equipment that comes into contact with oxygen to avoid combustion.
(ix) Avoid welding in confined spaces without proper ventilation, as this can lead to the accumulation of harmful gases.
(x) Always follow proper shutdown procedures, including closing the cylinder valves and purging the hoses of gas before disconnecting equipment.
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