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INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING CONSTRUCTION OBJ
01-10: BCDCCBAABB
11-20: CADBBDDAAD
21-30: CDCDBCDAAC
31-40: AACCBDBCCC
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INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER FIVE QUESTIONS ONLY
(1a)
(i) Support for Workers at Heights: Scaffolds provide a stable and secure platform for workers to perform construction, maintenance, or repair tasks at elevated heights. This includes painting, plastering, bricklaying, and installations. Without scaffolding, accessing hard-to-reach areas would be unsafe or impossible.
(ii) Material Handling and Storage: Scaffolds are used to hold construction materials, tools, and equipment near the working area, reducing the need for repeated climbing and enhancing efficiency. By supporting materials at elevated levels, scaffolds minimize the risk of falling objects and help maintain an organized work environment.
(1b)
(Draw the diagram)
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(2a)
(i) Poor Housekeeping: When tools, equipment, and materials are not stored properly, they create clutter that can lead to slips, trips, and falls. Obstructed walkways and scattered sharp objects pose a serious risk to workers moving around the workshop.
(ii) Faulty Tools and Equipment: Using damaged or malfunctioning tools can result in unexpected failures during operation, leading to injuries. For example, a broken blade on a saw or an electrical fault in a power tool can cause serious accidents if not repaired or replaced.
(iii) Lack of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Workers who fail to wear PPE such as safety goggles, gloves, helmets, or boots are more exposed to injuries from flying particles, falling objects, sharp materials, or hazardous substances. PPE provides the first line of defense against workplace injuries.
(iv) Inadequate Training or Supervision: Untrained workers may not be familiar with the correct handling of tools or safety procedures. Without proper guidance or supervision, they are more likely to make mistakes that could endanger themselves and others in the workshop.
(2b)
(i) Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): All workers must be properly equipped with safety gear including helmets, safety goggles, gloves, and boots. PPE protects workers from injuries caused by mechanical tools, flying debris, hot surfaces, or chemical exposure.
(ii) Regular Maintenance of Tools and Equipment: All tools and machines should be inspected routinely and maintained to ensure they are in good working condition. Faulty equipment should be repaired immediately or taken out of service to prevent accidents.
(iii) Good Housekeeping Practices: The workshop should be kept clean and organized. Tools should be returned to their proper places after use, spills should be cleaned up immediately, and walkways should remain clear of obstacles to avoid accidents.
(iv) Training and Supervision: All workers should undergo adequate training on how to use tools, operate machines, and follow safety protocols. In addition, supervisors should oversee workshop activities to ensure that safety guidelines are strictly followed and assist in preventing unsafe behavior.
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(3a)
(i) Chisel: A chisel is a hand tool with a sharp cutting edge on one end, used for carving or cutting wood. It is especially useful for creating joints such as mortise and tenon, and for detailing or shaping wooden surfaces.
(ii) Hand Saw: The hand saw is a basic carpentry tool used to cut wood manually. It has a handle and a long, serrated blade, ideal for cutting boards, planks, or logs into desired sizes and shapes.
(iii) Plane: A plane is used to smooth or reduce the thickness of wood surfaces. It shaves thin layers off the wood to achieve a level or even surface, often after cutting has been done.
(iv) Coping Saw: The coping saw is a small hand saw with a thin blade held in a U-shaped frame. It is used for cutting intricate shapes and curves in wood, especially useful for fine woodwork or detailed joinery.
(3b)
(i) Crosscut Saw: The crosscut saw is designed for cutting wood across the grain. It has sharp, angled teeth that slice through wood fibers cleanly, making it ideal for cutting boards to length.
(ii) Rip Saw: The rip saw is used for cutting along the grain of the wood. It has larger, flat teeth designed to act like chisels, efficiently removing wood fibers in a straight path.
(iii) Tenon Saw: A tenon saw is a short, stiff-backed saw used for making accurate and straight cuts, especially in joinery. It is commonly used for cutting tenons, small joints, and for finishing work.
(iv) Panel Saw: The panel saw is a versatile tool used for cutting large panels or sheet materials such as plywood. It can be hand-operated or powered and allows for straight, precise cuts in both horizontal and vertical directions.
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(4a)
(i) Separate System: The separate system of drainage uses two distinct sets of pipes, one for carrying rainwater (stormwater) and another for conveying sewage (wastewater). This system ensures that rainwater is directed to natural water bodies, while sewage is sent to treatment plants, preventing contamination.
(ii) Combined System: The combined system of drainage uses a single set of pipes to carry both rainwater and sewage together to a treatment facility or disposal point. While this system is simpler and cheaper to install, it can overflow during heavy rains, leading to environmental pollution.
(4b)
(i) Assessment of Soil Conditions: Site investigation helps determine the type, strength, and stability of the soil on which construction will take place. This information is critical for designing safe and durable foundations.
(ii) Identification of Potential Hazards: It helps detect underground water tables, buried utilities, or hazardous substances that could affect construction. Early detection allows for proper planning to avoid risks and costly delays.
(iii) Cost and Design Efficiency: By understanding the ground conditions beforehand, engineers can choose the most suitable and cost-effective construction methods and materials, preventing structural failures and reducing future maintenance costs.
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(5a)
(i) Direct Levelling
(ii) Barometric Levelling
(iii) Trigonometric Levelling
Direct Levelling: Direct levelling is the most commonly used method, where the height difference between two points is measured directly using a leveling instrument and a graduated staff. The instrument (such as a dumpy level or automatic level) is placed on a tripod and adjusted to a horizontal position. A staff is placed vertically on each point, and the readings are taken through the instrument’s telescope. The difference between the readings gives the relative height between the two points. This method is highly accurate and widely used in construction and surveying.
(5b)
(i) Set-Square: A set-square is a triangular-shaped tool used in technical drawing and carpentry for drawing straight lines at specific angles, typically 45°, 60°, or 90°. It ensures accuracy in layout work and is commonly used with a T-square on drawing boards.
(ii) Eye-Level: Eye-level refers to the height at which a person’s eyes are located when standing upright. In construction and surveying, it is used as a reference point for taking level measurements. It ensures that measurements are taken from a consistent height for accuracy.
(iii) Freezing Point: The freezing point is the temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid. For water, the freezing point is 0°C (32°F) at standard atmospheric pressure. This concept is crucial in material science and environmental construction planning.
(iv) Mosaic: A mosaic is a decorative design or pattern made by assembling small pieces of colored glass, stone, or tiles. In building and interior decoration, mosaics are used for artistic finishes on floors, walls, and ceilings, adding aesthetic value and cultural expression.
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(7a)
Cladding is the process of applying one material over another to provide a protective or decorative outer layer on a building or structure. It serves multiple purposes, including improving the appearance of the building, enhancing weather resistance, providing thermal and acoustic insulation, and protecting the internal structure from environmental elements like rain, wind, and sunlight. Cladding materials can be attached directly to the building’s framework or fixed to a secondary structure.
(7b)
(i) Timber Cladding: This involves using wooden boards or panels on the exterior walls. It gives buildings a natural and warm appearance. Timber is eco-friendly and easy to install but requires regular maintenance to prevent rot or insect attack.
(ii) Metal Cladding: Made from materials such as aluminum, steel, or zinc, metal cladding is known for its strength, durability, and modern look. It is resistant to weather and fire, making it suitable for industrial and commercial buildings.
(iii) Vinyl Cladding: Vinyl cladding is a plastic-based exterior used mostly in residential buildings. It is lightweight, low-cost, and easy to maintain. However, it may not be as durable as metal or concrete under harsh conditions.
(iv) Stone Cladding: This type uses thin layers of natural or engineered stone to create a luxurious and elegant façade. It is highly durable and offers excellent resistance to weather and wear but is heavier and more expensive to install.
(v) Fibre Cement Cladding: Made from a mixture of cement, sand, and cellulose fibers, this cladding is strong, weatherproof, and fire-resistant. It can be molded into various shapes and finished to mimic wood, stone, or concrete textures.
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