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GEOGRAPHY OBJ
01-10: CBBBAAAACA
11-20: ABAACAAADD
21-30: CBBBAAAACA
31-40: AABAAACAAC
41-50: AAABAAAAAA
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PART I: ANSWER ANY TWO(2) QUESTIONS FROM THIS PART
(1a)
(Draw the diagram)
(1b)
(i) Economic growth: Dense populations provide a large labor force which can boost industrial and economic activities.
(ii) Market size: High population density creates a large domestic market for goods and services.
(iii) Infrastructure development: Dense populations encourage development of infrastructure such as roads, schools, and hospitals.
(iv) Innovation and cultural exchange: Urban dense areas foster innovation, cultural diversity, and knowledge sharing.
(v) Political influence: Areas with dense populations often have greater political representation and influence.
(1c)
(i) Ethnic and Political Tensions: Different regions want to claim larger populations for political representation and resource allocation, leading to disputes and resistance.
(ii) Insecurity: Areas affected by insurgency, banditry, and communal clashes (e.g., Northeast and Northcentral) are hard to access.
(iii) Inaccurate Data Collection: Poor records, low literacy levels, and lack of technological tools hinder accurate counting.
(iv) Nomadic Lifestyle: Movement of pastoralists and migrants makes enumeration difficult.
(v) Religious and Cultural Beliefs: Some people avoid being counted due to mistrust or cultural taboos.
(vi) Logistical Challenges: Inadequate funding, poor transport networks, and lack of trained personnel hamper the process.
(vii) Multiple Residency: Individuals often get counted more than once due to having multiple places of residence.
(viii) Urban Slums and Remote Areas: Densely packed slums or hard-to-reach rural communities pose technical difficulties.
(ix) Manipulation by Local Authorities: Some officials falsify figures to favor their communities.
(x) Poor Planning and Coordination: Delays, inefficiencies, and political interference reduce credibility and accuracy.
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(2a)
(i) Food crops are grown primarily for consumption by humans or animals, while cash crops are cultivated mainly for sale to earn profit.
(ii) Food crops such as rice, yam, and maize are usually consumed locally, whereas cash crops like cocoa, rubber, and cotton are often produced for export.
(iii) Food crops generally have a shorter growing period, while cash crops may require longer periods and are often perennial.
(iv) The main goal of food crop farming is to ensure food security, whereas cash crop farming focuses on generating income and foreign exchange.
(v) Food crops support local sustenance, while cash crops contribute significantly to the country’s economy through commercial sales.
(2b)
(i) Develop Agriculture: Invest in modern farming techniques and value chains for both food and cash crops to reduce dependence on oil.
(ii) Promote Manufacturing: Encourage industrialization by supporting small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and attracting foreign direct investment.
(iii) Expand the Service Sector: Develop sectors such as finance, telecommunications, tourism, and entertainment.
(iv) Enhance Mining and Solid Minerals: Exploit Nigeria’s mineral resources beyond oil, such as coal, tin, limestone, and gold.
(v) Invest in Infrastructure: Improve transportation, power supply, and technology infrastructure to support other sectors.
(vi) Support Technology and Innovation: Promote ICT and digital economy initiatives to create jobs and boost productivity.
(vii) Encourage Export Diversification: Develop non-oil export products and markets to increase foreign exchange earnings.
(viii) Develop Renewable Energy: Invest in solar, wind, and bioenergy to reduce energy costs and create new industries.
(ix) Improve Education and Skills Training: Equip the workforce with skills for diverse economic activities.
(x) Strengthen Policy and Regulatory Framework: Create a conducive environment for business growth and economic diversification.
(2c)
(i) Poor funding and inadequate government support
(ii) Use of crude tools and outdated farming methods
(iii) Insecurity and herder-farmer conflicts
(iv) Unpredictable weather and climate change
(v) Lack of good roads and storage facilities leading to post-harvest losses
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(3a)
=FIVE ENGLISH-SPEAKING ECOWAS MEMBERS=
(i) Nigeria
(ii) Ghana
(iii) Sierra Leone
(iv) Liberia
(v) The Gambia
=THREE PORTUGUESE-SPEAKING COUNTRIES IN WEST AFRICA=
(i) Guinea-Bissau
(ii) Cape Verde
(iii) São Tomé and Príncipe
=TWO LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES IN WEST AFRICA=
(i) Mali
(ii) Niger
(3b)
(i) The Abidjan-Ouagadougou railway line – connecting Ivory Coast and Burkina Faso.
(ii) The Dakar-Niger railway line – connecting Senegal and Niger.
(3c)
(i) Economic Leadership: Nigeria, as the largest economy in West Africa, provides significant financial and economic support to ECOWAS initiatives.
(ii) Peacekeeping and Security: Nigeria has contributed troops and leadership to ECOWAS peacekeeping missions to resolve conflicts in member states.
(iii) Political Influence: Nigeria plays a key role in shaping ECOWAS policies and regional integration efforts, including hosting ECOWAS institutions and summits.
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PART II: ANSWER AT LEAST TWO(2) QUESTIONS FROM THIS PART
(4a)
A megalopolis is a vast urban region formed when two or more large metropolitan areas grow and merge into a continuous, densely populated urban corridor. These areas share integrated systems of transport, economy, and resources, blurring the boundaries between individual cities. Megalopolises often have populations exceeding tens of millions and function as major economic and cultural hubs. Example: The Abuja–Keffi–Mararaba–Nyanya corridor in the North-Central region.
(4b)
A conurbation is an extended urban area formed when two or more cities and their suburbs physically merge due to expansion, creating a continuous urban region. Unlike a megalopolis, which may cover a larger network of metropolitan areas, a conurbation usually involves fewer cities that have grown together. Example: The Onitsha–Nnewi–Obosi–Awka axis in Anambra State.
(4c)
A metropolis is a very large and significant city that serves as an important economic, political, and cultural center for a country or region. It often has a large population and extensive infrastructure, influencing surrounding smaller towns and cities. Example: Kano is a major metropolis in Northern Nigeria.
(4d)
A city is a sizable urban settlement with a defined administrative boundary, providing residential, commercial, and industrial functions. Cities vary in size but are generally smaller than metropolises and do not have the extensive influence or population size of metropolises or megalopolises. Example: Ibadan in Oyo State is one of the oldest cities in Nigeria.
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(5a)
(i) Family Planning Programs:
Governments can provide access to contraceptives and reproductive health services, helping couples plan the number and spacing of their children. This reduces unintended pregnancies and allows families to have children when they are ready, easing pressure on resources.
(ii) Education and Awareness:
Educating people, especially women, about reproductive health and the benefits of smaller families encourages informed decisions about childbearing. Education empowers individuals to understand the social and economic benefits of smaller families, leading to lower birth rates.
(iii) Raising the Legal Marriage Age:
Setting and enforcing a minimum marriage age (usually 18 years) delays early pregnancies and reduces the total number of children a woman may have. Delaying marriage helps young women complete their education and reduces health risks associated with teenage pregnancies.
(iv) Improving Healthcare:
Better healthcare reduces infant and child mortality rates. When parents are confident their children will survive, they tend to have fewer children, which slows population growth.
(v) Empowering Women:
Providing women with education, job opportunities, and reproductive rights enables them to make decisions about family size. Empowered women are more likely to delay childbirth and invest in the well-being of fewer children.
(5b)
(i) Rapid urbanization often outpaces the development of essential infrastructure such as roads, water supply systems, sewage networks, electricity, and healthcare facilities. This results in inadequate service delivery, frequent power outages, water shortages, and overwhelmed hospitals.
(ii) Expansion of Slums and Informal Settlements:
As cities grow rapidly, affordable housing becomes scarce, forcing many low-income residents to settle in overcrowded slums or informal settlements. These areas typically lack basic amenities such as clean water, sanitation, and waste disposal, leading to poor health conditions and increased vulnerability to diseases like cholera and malaria.
(iii) Traffic Congestion and Transportation Challenges:
With increasing urban populations, the number of vehicles on the roads rises sharply, often without corresponding improvements in public transportation. This leads to severe traffic jams, longer commute times, increased fuel consumption, and air pollution.
(iv) High Crime Rates and Social Problems:
Urban areas with high population density and unemployment tend to experience elevated crime rates, including theft, armed robbery, drug trafficking, and violence. The lack of social amenities and opportunities can lead to frustration and social unrest. Many Nigerian cities struggle with security challenges that hamper development and deter investment.
(v) Environmental Degradation and Pollution:
Urbanization contributes significantly to environmental problems. Industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, improper waste disposal, and deforestation for urban expansion degrade air and water quality. Noise pollution also increases due to traffic and industrial activities.
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(6a) Rural–Rural Migration:
(i) Search for fertile land: Farmers often move to areas with better soil and rainfall for higher crop yield.
(ii) Pastoral needs: Nomadic herders relocate seasonally in search of water and fresh pasture for livestock.
(iii) Family or marriage ties: People move to join spouses, relatives, or in-laws in other rural communities.
(iv) Land disputes or insecurity: Conflicts or communal clashes may force people to relocate to safer rural areas.
(v) Shifting cultivation: In some cultures, farmers move periodically to new land when the old soil becomes less productive.
(6b) Urban–Urban Migration:
(i) Job transfer or new employment: Civil servants and company staff are often transferred to other cities.
(ii) Business expansion: Traders and professionals move to bigger cities to access larger markets or customers.
(iii) Education and training: People relocate to cities with universities, technical schools, or vocational centers.
(iv) Better infrastructure: Cities with stable power, good roads, and water attract people from other urban areas.
(v) Government relocation policies: Staff may follow ministries or agencies moved to new urban locations.
(6c) Rural–Urban Migration:
(i) Search for jobs: Many people leave villages to find better-paying work in industries and offices.
(ii) Access to services: Cities offer better hospitals, schools, and public services compared to rural areas.
(iii) Poor rural conditions: Lack of electricity, clean water, and roads pushes people toward urban centers.
(iv) Attraction to city life: Young people especially desire the modern lifestyle and opportunities found in cities.
(v) Environmental factors: Natural disasters like erosion or drought in rural areas can force migration to cities.
(6d) Urban–Rural Migration:
(i) Retirement or return migration: Some people return to their rural hometowns after working in the city.
(ii) High urban cost of living: Food, housing, and transport are often cheaper in rural areas.
(iii) Overcrowding and stress in cities: People may seek the quieter and less polluted rural environment.
(iv) Agricultural investment: Some urban dwellers relocate to start farms or agribusiness ventures.
(v) Work relocation: Government workers and NGOs may be posted to rural communities.
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