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BIOLOGY OBJ
01-10: DBACCBCABD
11-20: CDBCABBABA
21-30: BCCBDDBDBC
31-40: DBBCAABBBA
41-50: BCBACCCABB
COMPLETED
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INSTRUCTION: ANSWER FOUR(4) QUESTIONS ONLY, AT LEAST ONE QUESTION FROM EACH PART
PART I: INTRODUCTORY BIOLOGY
(1ai)
Science is a broad field that encompasses the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment while biology is a branch of science specifically focused on the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy
(1aii)
(i) Observation: Careful noticing and gathering of information about phenomena.
(ii) Formulation of Hypothesis: Making an educated guess or prediction that can be tested.
(iii) Experimentation: Conducting tests to confirm or disprove the hypothesis.
(1bi)
(i) Monera
(ii) Protista
(iii) Fungi
(iv) Plantae
(v) Animalia
(1bii)
(i) Chordata: Human (Homo sapiens)
(ii) Arthropoda: Housefly (Musca domestica)
(iii) Protozoa: Amoeba (Amoeba proteus)
(1c)
(i) Ferns have specialized tissues (xylem and phloem) for transporting water and nutrients.
(ii) Ferns reproduce via spores, which are produced on the underside of their leaves (fronds) in structures called sporangia.
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PART II: FLOWERING PLANTS AND SOIL SCIENCE
(2ai)
-Tropic movements are directional growth responses of plants toward or away from an external stimulus, such as light, gravity, or touch. The movement depends on the direction of the stimulus.
-Nastic movements are non-directional responses to stimuli, meaning the movement occurs independently of the direction of the stimulus. These movements are usually reversible and caused by changes in turgor pressure rather than growth.
(2aii)
(i) Tropic movement is directional, guided by the direction of the stimulus while Nastic movement is non-directional, not dependent on the direction of the stimulus.
(ii) Tropic movement Involves differential growth in specific parts of the plant while Nastic movement involves turgor changes or differential cell expansion.
(2b)
EXPERIMENT TO SHOW THAT AUXINS ARE PRODUCED IN THE APICAL CELLS OF A SHOOT:
Aim: To show that auxins are produced in the apical cells of a shoot.
Material: 3 potted seedlings of maize labelled A, B and C; agar block, sharp knife/cutting instruments, mica sheet / aluminium foil/cover slip.
Methods:
(i) Cut tip of coleoptile/shoot in A to serve as control
(ii) Leave decapitated shoot for about 48 hours
(iii) Select another potted seedling, B, and cut off tip of coleoptile/shoot
(iv) Place the cut tip on an agar block for about 2-6 hours
(v) Place agar block on stump of the decapitated shoot and leave for about 48 hours
(vi) Select a third seedling, C, and cut off tip of the coleoptile
(vii) Place tip of the cut coleoptile on mica sheet for 2-6 hours
(viii) Place mica sheet on cut surface of decapitated shoot and leave for about 48 hours.
Observation: Growth ceased in decapitated shoot A, but when agar block was placed on stump of shoot B in which growth had stopped, growth resumed. When mica sheet was placed on stump of shoot C in which growth had stopped, growth did not take place (resume).
Conclusion: This shows that a chemical substance (auxin) produced at the tip, i.e., apical cell of the shoot is responsible for the growth of the shoot.
(2c)
(i) Gibberellins: Involved in stem elongation, seed germination, and flower formation.
(ii) Cytokinins: Involved in cell division, cell differentiation, and delaying senescence.
(iii) Ethylene: Involved in fruit ripening, senescence, and stress responses.
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(3a)
(i) Autotrophic: Plants produce their own food through photosynthesis.
(ii) Heterotrophic: Some plants obtain nutrients by parasitizing other plants or organisms.
(iii) Saprotrophic: Plants obtain nutrients by breaking down dead organic matter.
(iv) Symbiotic: Plants form mutually beneficial relationships with other organisms to obtain nutrients.
(3bi)
Title:
To demonstrate that green plants require sunlight for photosynthesis
Materials:
Two healthy potted green plants of the same species, Iodine solution, Boiling water, Alcohol (ethanol),Test tube or boiling tube, Bunsen burner, White tile or petri dish, Forceps.
Procedure:
(i) Place one potted plant in a well-lit area exposed to sunlight. Place the second plant in a dark cupboard or shaded area away from any light source for 2-3 days.
(ii) After the exposure period, pluck a leaf from each plant.
(iii) Boil the leaves in water for about 2 minutes to kill the cells and stop chemical reactions.
(iv) Place the leaves in boiling alcohol (ethanol) in a test tube and heat gently in a water bath to removes chlorophyll.
(v) Rinse the leaves in warm water to soften them.
(vi) Spread each leaf on a white tile and add a few drops of iodine solution.
(vii) Observe any color changes on the leaves.
Observation:
The leaf from the plant exposed to sunlight turns blue-black or dark purple when iodine is added, indicating the presence of starch.
The leaf from the plant kept in the dark shows no color change or remains yellowish-brown, indicating no starch formation.
Conclusion:
Green plants require sunlight to carry out photosynthesis, as evidenced by the presence of starch only in the leaves exposed to light. Without sunlight, photosynthesis does not occur, and starch is not produced.
(3bii)
(i) Carbon Dioxide: CO₂ is necessary for the synthesis of glucose during photosynthesis.
(ii) Water: H₂O is required as a reactant in the photosynthetic process.
(3c)
(i) Oxygen Production: Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, supporting life.
(ii) Food Source: Photosynthesis produces glucose, which serves as a food source for plants and, indirectly, for herbivores and carnivores.
(iii) Energy Source: Photosynthesis is the primary source of energy for most ecosystems.
(iv) Maintaining atmospheric balance: Photosynthesis contributes to maintaining the balance of gases in the atmosphere, which is crucial for life on Earth.
(3d)
The manufactured food is used for energy, stored as starch, and transported to different parts of the plant for growth and development.
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PART III: ANIMAL BIOLOGY
(4ai)
A balanced diet is a diet that provides all the essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals in the right proportions needed by the body to maintain health, support growth, and carry out daily activities effectively.
(4aii)
(i) Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.
(ii) They are specific to particular substrates.
(iii) Enzymes work best at an optimum temperature and pH.
(iv) They can be denatured if exposed to extreme conditions such as high temperature or extreme pH.
(4bi)
Dentition refers to the arrangement, type, and number of teeth in the mouth of an animal.
(4bii)
(i) Incisors
(ii) Canines
(iii) Premolars
(iv) Molars
(4biii)
(i) Regular brushing: Brushing teeth regularly helps remove food particles and plaque, which are breeding grounds for bacteria that cause tooth decay and gum disease.
(ii) Avoiding excessive sugary foods and drinks: Avoiding excessive intake of sugary foods reduces the risk of dental cavities and plaque formation.
(4c)
(i) Incisors:
Incisors in herbivores are sharp and chisel-shaped, allowing them to efficiently cut and bite off pieces of plant material such as leaves and stems.
(ii) Canines:
Canines are usually small or absent in herbivores because they do not need to tear flesh, which is unnecessary for their plant-based diet.
(iii) Diastema:
Herbivores often have a diastema, which is a gap between the incisors and premolars that allows space for the tongue to manipulate food and helps in chewing plant material effectively.
(iv) Premolars and Molars:
Premolars and molars have broad, flat surfaces with ridges that help grind and crush tough plant fibers, making it easier to digest cellulose.
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(5ai)
Respiration is a metabolic process by which living cells obtain energy in the form of ATP through the oxidation of organic substances, usually glucose, involving the intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide.
(5aii)
(i) Aerobic respiration: This occurs in the presence of oxygen and releases a large amount of energy, along with carbon dioxide and water.
(ii) Anaerobic respiration: This occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces less energy, usually along with by-products like alcohol or lactic acid.
(5b)
(i) Fish: Gills
(ii) Cockroach: Tracheae
(iii) Earthworm: Skin
(iv) Spirogyra: Cell surface
(v) Rat: Lungs
(vi) Fern: Stomata
(5c)
Movement at the elbow joint is achieved through the coordinated action of muscles attached to the bones. When the biceps muscle contracts, it pulls the forearm bones, causing the elbow to bend (flexion). Conversely, when the triceps muscle contracts, it pulls the forearm bones in the opposite direction, straightening the elbow (extension). These muscles work antagonistically around the hinge joint of the elbow to produce controlled movement. The joint allows movement in one plane, and tendons connect muscles to bones enabling force transmission for movement.
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PART IV: GENETICS AND ECOLOGY
(6ai)
A population is a group of organisms of the same species living in the same place at the same time and capable of interbreeding.
(6aii)
(a) Grass: Quadrat sampling
(b) Birds: Direct counting or point count method
(c) Human beings: Census method
(6bi)
(i) Water: Essential for all living organisms, water resources need protection from pollution and overuse to sustain ecosystems and human needs.
(ii) Soil: Soil conservation prevents erosion and maintains fertility, which is crucial for agriculture and plant growth.
(iii) Minerals: Minerals are non-renewable resources important for industry and technology, so their sustainable use and recycling are necessary to avoid depletion.
(6bii)
(i) Yankari Game Reserve located in Bauchi State
(ii) Okomu National Park located in Edo State
(6biii)
(i) Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF)
(ii) World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
(iii) International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
(iv) Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)
(v) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
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