NABTEB 2026 LEATHER GOODS MANUFACTURE ANSWERS (OBJ & ESSAY – TYPE C)

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LEATHER OBJ (TYPE C)
01-10: DDCDAAABCC
11-20: BCAADDDBAA
21-30: CADABAADCA
31-40: CDABDADACC

COMPLETED
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INSTRUCTION: ANSWER FOUR(4) QUESTIONS ONLY

 

(1a)
[TABULATE]

=UNDER HIDE=
(i) Hide is obtained from large animals such as cattle, horses and camels.
(ii) Hide is thicker and heavier in structure.
(iii) Hide is used for heavy leather products such as belts, soles and industrial leather.
(iv) Hide possesses coarse and strong fibres.

=UNDER SKIN=
(i) Skin is obtained from small animals such as sheep, goats and pigs.
(ii) Skin is thinner and lighter in structure.
(iii) Skin is used for light leather products such as gloves, bags and garments.
(iv) Skin possesses fine and soft fibres.

(1b)
Curing is the process of preserving hides and skins after slaughter to prevent decomposition before tanning.
These curing methods help to preserve hides and skins, maintain their quality, and prepare them for subsequent tanning processes. They includes:
(i) Dry Curing: The hide or skin is stretched and exposed to air or sunlight until the moisture content is reduced. This prevents bacterial attack and preserves the material.
(ii) Wet Salting: Common salt is rubbed thoroughly on the flesh side of the hide or skin. The salt absorbs moisture and inhibits bacterial growth.
(iii) Brine Curing: The hides and skins are soaked in a concentrated salt solution (brine). This method ensures uniform penetration of salt and effective preservation.
(iv) Pickling: The hides and skins are treated with a mixture of salt and acid. This lowers the pH and prevents bacterial action while preserving the material for storage or transportation.
(v) Chilling or Refrigeration: Hides and skins are preserved at low temperatures in cold storage. The low temperature slows down bacterial activity and delays decomposition.
(vi) Chemical Curing: Certain chemicals and preservatives are applied to the hides and skins to prevent decay and maintain their quality until processing.
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(2)
(i) Taking the brief/specification: Determine the design, size, style, and features required for the conference bag, such as compartments, handles, pockets, and fasteners.
(ii) Sketching the design: Prepare a rough sketch showing the shape, proportions, and details of the bag.
(iii) Taking measurements: Measure and record the required dimensions such as length, width, depth, gusset, flap, and handle sizes.
(iv) Drafting the working or net pattern: Draw the individual components of the bag, including the body, flap, gusset, pockets, and handles.
(v) Making allowances: Add seam, folding, turning, and stitching allowances to the pattern.
(vi) Cutting the test pattern: Cut the drafted pattern from paper, cardboard, or other inexpensive materials for trial purposes.
(vii) Test fitting or assembling: Temporarily assemble the pattern pieces to check the accuracy, fit, and proportions.
(viii) Correcting the pattern: Identify and rectify any errors discovered during the fitting stage.
(ix) Transferring to the standard pattern: Transfer the corrected pattern onto durable cardboard or other permanent materials.
(x) Grading the pattern: Produce other sizes where necessary by enlarging or reducing the standard pattern.
(xi) Brass-binding the pattern: Protect the edges of the master pattern with brass strips to prevent damage and distortion.
(xii) Storage of the master pattern: Properly label and store the completed pattern for future production use.
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(3)
Skiving is the process of reducing the thickness of leather or other materials at the edges before assembling or stitching. It is necessary because:
(i) To reduce thickness: It makes thick materials thinner at the edges.
(ii) To facilitate folding: Skived edges fold easily without cracking or breaking.
(iii) To produce smooth seams: It prevents bulky seams and joints.
(iv) To improve appearance: The finished product becomes neat and attractive.
(v) To ease stitching: The sewing machine can stitch the material more easily.
(vi) To ensure proper bonding: Adhesives work better on thinner edges.
(vii) To increase flexibility: The material bends more easily at folded areas.
(viii) To improve the quality of the finished product: It gives the product a professional finish.

Beam cutting machine: A beam cutting machine is a machine used in the leather goods industry to cut leather and other materials accurately. It works by applying pressure through a moving beam to force a cutting die through the material. It is commonly used in mass production because it produces uniform cuts quickly and reduces material wastage.

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(4)
(i) Sorting of materials: The required leather, lining, and other materials are selected according to quality and specification.

(ii) Marking out: Pattern outlines and cutting lines are marked on the material.

(iii) Cutting: The material is cut into the required shapes and sizes using the appropriate tools or machines.

(iv) Skiving: The edges of the material are thinned to reduce bulk and facilitate folding and stitching.

(v) Splitting: The thickness of the material is reduced where necessary to obtain a uniform thickness.

(vi) Folding: Edges are folded to improve appearance and prepare them for stitching.

(vii) Cementing or gumming:Adhesive is applied to hold parts temporarily before sewing.

(viii) Fitting or assembling: The various components are temporarily joined together to ensure proper alignment.

(ix) Punching or perforating: Holes or stitch guides are made where necessary.

(x) Creasing and marking stitch lines: Stitching lines and decorative lines are marked to guide the sewing operation.
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(5)
(i) To maintain straight stitching lines: Guides help the operator sew along a straight line.

(ii) To ensure uniform seam allowance: They keep the same distance between the stitch line and the edge of the material.

(iii) To improve accuracy: Guides help in positioning the material correctly during sewing.

(iv) To increase sewing speed: The operator can sew faster with less adjustment.

(v) To reduce errors: They prevent crooked stitches and uneven seams.

(vi) To improve the quality of work: Guides help produce neat and professional stitching.

(vii) To facilitate the handling of materials: They assist in feeding the material smoothly through the machine.

(viii) To reduce material wastage: Accurate stitching minimizes mistakes and prevents damage to materials.
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