NABTEB 2026 ANIMAL SCIENCE ANSWERS (OBJ & ESSAY – TYPE B)

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ANIMAL SCIENCE (TYPE B)
01-10: BBACBBCACA
11-20: BCCBDACBAB
21-30: CCDADBDBCD
31-40: BAACDBAAAA
41-50: AABCACDAAD

COMPLETED
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INSTRUCTION: ANSWER FIVE(5) QUESTIONS ONLY

(1ai)
Growth: Changes in climate, especially extreme heat or cold, can reduce feed intake and slow down growth rate in farm animals. This leads to poor weight gain and delayed maturity.

(1aii) Reproduction: Unfavourable climate conditions can disrupt breeding activities, reduce fertility, and cause poor conception rates in animals.

(1aiii) Milk production: High temperatures and heat stress reduce appetite and metabolism in dairy animals, leading to a drop in milk yield.

(1aiv)
Egg production in farm animals: Changes in climate, especially excessive heat, reduce laying rate in poultry by affecting feed intake and hormonal balance, leading to fewer eggs.

(1b)
Environmental physiology is the study of how farm animals respond and adapt to changes in their surrounding environment such as temperature, humidity, and other climatic conditions.
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(2a)
(i) Nutrition
(ii) Age and body condition
(iii) Environmental factors (climate/light)

(2b)
(i) Nutrition: Adequate feeding promotes good body condition and proper hormone balance, leading to regular and noticeable heat (oestrus). Poor nutrition can delay or suppress oestrus.
(ii) Age and body condition: Young animals that have not reached puberty or animals that are too thin or too fat may show delayed or irregular oestrus cycles.
(iii) Environmental factors (climate/light): Extreme temperatures or changes in daylight can affect hormonal activities, thereby influencing the timing and expression of oestrus.

(2c)
=Female hormones=
(i) Oestrogen
(ii) Progesterone
(iii) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

=Male hormone=
Testosterone
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(3a)
A zoonotic disease is a disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans or from humans to animals.

(3b)
(i) Rabies
(ii) Anthrax
(iii) Tuberculosis

(3c)
Ectoparasites are parasites that live on the external body surface of the host, e.g. ticks and lice while Endoparasites are parasites that live inside the body of the host, e.g. tapeworms and roundworms.

(3d)
Damage caused by ticks:
Ticks suck blood from farm animals, causing anaemia, weakness, and reduced growth and production. They also transmit diseases such as babesiosis and anaplasmosis.

Control of ticks:
Ticks can be controlled by regular dipping or spraying of animals with acaricides, good sanitation of animal housing, and rotational grazing to break the life cycle of ticks.
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(4)
(i) Ovulation:
Ovulation is the process in which a mature egg (ovum) is released from the ovary into the oviduct for possible fertilization. It usually occurs once in each reproductive cycle in most farm animals.

(ii) Oestrous cycle:
The oestrous cycle is the regular reproductive cycle in female farm animals involving hormonal changes that prepare the animal for heat, mating, and pregnancy. It repeats at specific intervals depending on the animal species.

(iii) Oestrus:
Oestrus is the period of “heat” in female animals when they show signs of sexual receptivity and are ready to accept the male for mating. During this period, ovulation is likely to occur or is about to occur.

(iv) Gestation:
Gestation is the period of pregnancy from fertilization to birth during which the embryo or fetus develops in the uterus. The length of gestation varies with different animal species.

(v) Parturition:
Parturition is the act or process of giving birth to young ones at the end of the gestation period. It is also known as the process of labour in animals.
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(5a)
(i) Concentrate feed:
Concentrate feeds are animal feeds that are rich in nutrients such as energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals but contain low fibre and water content. They are easily digested and help to promote fast growth and production in farm animals. Examples include maize, rice bran, and groundnut cake.

(ii) Succulent feed:
Succulent feeds are feeds that contain a high amount of water and are very juicy. They are easily eaten and digested by animals and help to keep them hydrated. Examples include fresh grass, silage, and root crops like cassava.

(iii) Roughages:
Roughages are feeds that are high in fibre and low in nutrients but are important for proper digestion in ruminant animals. They help in rumination and maintain healthy rumen function. Examples include hay, straw, and pasture grass.

(iv) Supplements and additives:
Supplements are feeds added to the basic diet to supply nutrients that may be lacking, such as vitamins, minerals, or protein. Additives are non-nutritive substances added to feed to improve quality, growth, or preservation, such as antibiotics, hormones, or preservatives.

(5b)
(i) Purchasing from reputable and certified breeders.
(ii) Selecting animals with good genetic traits and performance records.
(iii) Choosing animals that are healthy and free from diseases.
(iv) Obtaining stock from established government or research farms.
(v) Using records such as pedigree or production history for selection.
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(6ai)
Cattle:
(i) Friesian (Holstein): Large black-and-white dairy cattle with high milk production, low body fat, and poor heat tolerance.
(ii) White Fulani (Bunaji): White or light grey cattle with long horns, strong resistance to diseases and heat, and used for both milk and beef.

(6aii)
Goat:
(i) Red Sokoto goat: Reddish-brown skin, small body size, hardy, and known for good-quality skin production.
(ii) Sahel goat: Tall, long-legged goat, light brown or white colour, adapted to dry areas and good for meat production.

(6aiii)
Sheep:
(i) West African Dwarf sheep: Small-sized, black or brown colour, hardy, and resistant to trypanosomiasis.
(ii) Yankasa sheep: Medium to large size, white body with black patches, mainly raised for meat production.

(6aiv)
Pig:
(i) Large White: White-skinned, large body size, fast growth rate, and good mothering ability.
(ii) Landrace: White, long-bodied pig with drooping ears, high fertility, and good bacon producer.

(6av)
Snail:
(i) Achatina achatina (Giant Ghana snail): Very large size, fast growth, and high market value.
(ii) Achatina fulica (African giant snail): Highly adaptable, fast breeding rate, and can survive in different environments.

(6b)
(i) Extensive system:
Goats are allowed to roam freely and feed mainly on natural vegetation with minimal housing or management.

(ii) Semi-intensive system:
Goats are partly confined and partly grazed; they are provided with supplementary feed and basic housing.

(iii) Intensive system:
Goats are fully confined in housing and are fed controlled diets for maximum production and disease control.

(iv) Nomadic system:
Goats are moved from place to place in search of pasture and water, common in dry regions.
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(7a)
Animal nutrition is the science of feeding farm animals with the right types and quantities of feed to ensure growth, health, reproduction, and good productivity.

(7b)
(i) Carbohydrate feeds (energy feeds)
(ii) Protein feeds
(iii) Mineral feeds
(iv) Vitamin feeds
(v) Roughages

(7c)
(i)
Carbohydrate feeds:
-Maize
-Cassava

(ii)
Protein feeds:
-Groundnut cake
-Soybean meal

(iii)
Mineral feeds:
-Bone meal
-Limestone

(iv)
Vitamin feeds:
-Carrot
-Fresh green leaves

(v)
Roughages:
-Hay
-Straw
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