WAEC 2026 NIGERIAN HISTORY ANSWERS (OBJ & ESSAY)

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HISTORY OBJ
01-10: DBCCDDCADD
11-20: ABBCCCDCDC
21-30: CCBDDCBDAA
31-40: BBDCDDCAAA
41-50: AABBBCCCAB

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INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER FOUR(4) QUESTIONS IN ALL, CHOOSING AT LEAST ONE(1) QUESTION FROM EACH SECTION

SECTION A

(1a)
(i) Elaborate bronze bowls and vessels.
(ii) Bronze staff heads and pendants.
(iii) Thousands of glass and carnelian beads.

(1b)
(i) Archaeological evidence is often incomplete: Many artefacts and sites have been destroyed by natural processes such as erosion, flooding, weathering, and human activities, making it difficult to obtain a complete picture of the past.
(ii) It is expensive and time-consuming: Archaeological excavation requires skilled personnel, specialized equipment, laboratory analysis, and funding, which may not always be available.
Difficulty in interpretation.
(iii) Artefacts do not speak for themselves: Different archaeologists may interpret the same evidence differently, leading to varying conclusions about historical events.
(iv) Archaeology cannot provide full details of past events: It mainly reveals material remains such as pottery, tools, beads, and buildings, but often cannot explain people’s thoughts, beliefs, motives, languages, or exact historical events.
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(2)
(i) Trade and Commercial Activities: Trade was one of the strongest links among Nigerian groups. The Hausa traded salt, leather goods, textiles, and horses with the Yoruba, Igbo, Nupe, Kanuri, and other groups. The Niger and Benue rivers facilitated the movement of goods and people, promoting economic cooperation among different communities.

(ii) Migration and Settlement: Various groups migrated from one area to another and settled among other ethnic groups. These movements led to the exchange of ideas, customs, technologies, and languages, thereby strengthening relations among different peoples.

(iii) Inter-Marriage: Marriage between members of different ethnic groups encouraged peaceful coexistence and cultural integration. Through inter-marriage, families and communities established lasting social and political ties.

(iv) Political and Diplomatic Relations: Many kingdoms and states maintained diplomatic contacts with one another. For example, the Benin tradition records a political link with Ile-Ife through Oranmiyan, who was sent from Ife to Benin and became associated with the establishment of the Benin royal dynasty. This demonstrates political interaction between the Yoruba and Edo peoples.

(v) Cultural and Religious Exchange: Different groups influenced one another through religion, festivals, arts, and customs. The spread of Islam across Northern Nigeria and into some parts of the Middle Belt promoted interaction among groups. Similarly, artistic influences such as the transfer of bronze-casting techniques from Ife to Benin show cultural exchange.
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(3a)
(i) Naturalistic bronze heads.
(ii) Terracotta sculptures.
(iii) Brass figures/statues.

(3b)
(i) They Served Religious and Spiritual Purposes: The works of art were used in religious ceremonies, worship, and the veneration of gods, ancestors, and rulers. They played an important role in the spiritual life of the people.
(ii) They Preserved the History and Culture of the People: The sculptures and other artistic works helped to record important events, traditions, beliefs, and the identity of the Yoruba people for future generations.
(iii) They Demonstrated High Artistic and Technological Achievement: The naturalistic bronze and terracotta works showed the remarkable artistic skill and advanced metal-working technology of the Ife civilization. The civilization is regarded as one of Africa’s greatest artistic centres.
(iv) They Enhanced the Prestige and Political Importance of Ile-Ife: Ile-Ife became famous as the spiritual and cultural centre of the Yoruba people. Its artistic achievements increased its influence and reinforced its status as the cradle of Yoruba civilization. The political and spiritual model of Ife influenced the development of other kingdoms such as Oyo and Benin.
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SECTION B

(4a)
(i) The Sultan (Caliph).
(ii) Emirs.
(iii) Vizier (Waziri).

(4b)
(i) It Had a Centralized System of Government: The Sokoto Caliphate was a highly centralized state headed by the Sultan at Sokoto, who was the political, military, and religious leader of the empire.
(ii) The Empire Was Divided into Emirates: For effective administration, the Caliphate was divided into several emirates. Each emirate was governed by an Emir who administered the area on behalf of the Sultan.
(iii) Islamic Law (Sharia) Was the Basis of Administration: The political system was founded on Islamic principles. Sharia law guided government activities, administration of justice, and public conduct.
(iv) There Was an Organized Administrative Hierarchy: A clear chain of authority existed from the Sultan to the Emirs, District Heads, Village Heads, and other officials. This ensured effective governance throughout the Caliphate.
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(5)
(i) Superior Military Technology: The British possessed advanced weapons such as maxim guns, rifles, and cannons, which were far more powerful than the traditional weapons used by Nigerian states (spears, bows, and locally made guns). This gave them a decisive advantage in warfare and allowed them to defeat powerful states like Benin and Sokoto.

(ii) Use of Diplomacy and Divide-and-Rule Policy: The British exploited existing rivalries among Nigerian states. They made alliances with weaker groups against stronger ones and encouraged divisions among ethnic and political groups. This prevented unified resistance against colonial invasion.

(iii) Economic Interests and Control of Trade: British traders and companies wanted direct control of Nigerian resources such as palm oil, cocoa, and other raw materials. Through trade treaties and later force, they weakened local rulers economically and gained influence over key coastal and inland areas.

(iv) Internal Political Instability and Weaknesses: Many Nigerian states were already facing internal problems such as succession disputes, civil wars, and declining authority of rulers. For example, conflicts in the Sokoto Caliphate and Yoruba land (e.g., Kiriji War) weakened resistance and made conquest easier.

(v) Strong Naval Power and Control of the Coast: The British Royal Navy dominated the Atlantic Ocean and controlled coastal access. This allowed them to bombard coastal cities, enforce treaties, and prevent Nigerian states from receiving external support or weapons from other powers.
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(6)
(i) Undermining of Traditional Religion and Culture: Missionaries discouraged and often condemned African traditional religions, beliefs, and practices. Many shrines, sacred customs, and ancestral worship systems were labelled “pagan,” leading to the gradual loss of indigenous religious values and cultural identity.

(ii) Cultural Imperialism and Westernization: Missionary activities introduced European values, dressing, language, and lifestyle, which replaced or weakened many indigenous cultural practices. This led to cultural dependency and loss of pride in traditional ways of life.

(iii) Division Among Communities: Christianity created religious divisions within families and communities. In many cases, members of the same family were split between Christianity, Islam, and traditional religion, leading to internal conflicts and reduced unity.

(iv) Support for Colonial Domination: Missionaries often worked closely with colonial administrators. Their activities helped to prepare the ground for colonial rule by weakening traditional political structures and encouraging acceptance of foreign authority.

(v) Disruption of Indigenous Education Systems: Before missionary arrival, Nigerians had established systems of informal and vocational education (apprenticeship, training in crafts, and moral instruction). Missionary schools replaced these systems with Western education, causing neglect of indigenous knowledge and skills.
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SECTION C

(7)
(i) Loss of Lives and Human Suffering: The war led to the death of many soldiers and civilians. It also caused widespread human suffering due to hunger, disease, and general hardship, especially in the war-affected eastern region.

(ii) Destruction of Property and Infrastructure: Many towns, villages, roads, bridges, schools, and hospitals were destroyed during the war. This severely affected development and slowed down economic activities in the affected areas.

(iii) Economic Disruption: The war disrupted trade, agriculture, and industry. Nigeria spent a huge amount of money on warfare instead of development projects, leading to economic decline during and after the conflict.

(iv) Displacement of People (Refugees Problem): Millions of people were forced to leave their homes, especially in the Eastern Region. Many became internally displaced persons or refugees, leading to overcrowding in safer regions and humanitarian crises.

(v) National Unity and “No Victor, No Vanquished” Policy: After the war ended in 1970, the Federal Government under Yakubu Gowon introduced the policy of “No Victor, No Vanquished” to promote reconciliation and national unity. Efforts were made to reintegrate the secessionist region into Nigeria.
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(8)
(i) Establishment of the Political Bureau (1986): The Babangida administration set up the Political Bureau in 1986 to study Nigeria’s political problems and collect citizens’ opinions on the future system of government. Its recommendations provided a basis for several political reforms introduced during his regime.

(ii) Introduction of Transition to Civil Rule Programme: His regime introduced a detailed transition programme designed to return Nigeria to civilian rule through staged elections. The process covered local, state, and national elections, although it was later disrupted by the annulment of the 1993 presidential election.

(iii) Creation of a Two-Party System: The regime replaced the multiparty system with two government-created parties namely the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and the National Republican Convention (NRC). This was aimed at reducing ethnic politics and promoting national unity.

(iv) Establishment of the National Electoral Commission (NEC): The NEC was created to organise and conduct elections during the transition period. It handled voter registration and election supervision to ensure a more structured electoral process.

(v) Creation of More States and Local Governments: The regime increased the number of states from 19 to 30 and created more local governments. This improved political representation and brought governance closer to the grassroots.
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(9)
(i) Improvement in Universal Basic Education: One of the major social achievements of the MDGs in Nigeria by 2005 was the strengthening of access to basic education through the Universal Basic Education (UBE) programme. This led to increased school enrolment, especially at the primary level, and greater awareness of the importance of education for children across the country.

(ii) Reduction in Child Mortality (Early Progress): There was some progress in reducing under-five and infant mortality rates through improved immunisation campaigns and child health programmes supported by MDG initiatives. More children gained access to vaccines against diseases such as measles and polio, improving child survival rates.

(iii) Improvement in Maternal Health Services: MDG-related programmes contributed to better access to antenatal care and skilled birth attendance in some parts of Nigeria. This helped to raise awareness of safe motherhood practices, even though challenges in maternal mortality still existed.

(iv) Expansion of HIV/AIDS Awareness and Control: By 2005, Nigeria had increased public education campaigns on HIV/AIDS, leading to greater awareness and reduced stigma. The government also expanded access to prevention programmes and treatment services, supported by international partners.

(v) Increased Access to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation: MDG efforts led to gradual improvements in providing clean water and better sanitation facilities in some rural and urban communities. This helped to reduce water-borne diseases and improved overall public health conditions.
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