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AGRIC OBJ (TYPE A)
01-10: CDDDCDDACD
11-20: CBCCABACDD
21-30: DCDADDCBDA
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41-50: CCACBADDCC
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AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE ANSWERS (TYPE A)
INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER FIVE(5) QUESTIONS ONLY.
(1a)
Subsistence farming is a type of farming in which a farmer produces food mainly to feed himself and his family, with little or no surplus for sale.
(1b)
(i) Textile/ginnery – Cotton
(ii) Paper industry – Wood pulp
(iii) Tyre industry – Rubber
(iv) Sugar industry – Sugarcane
(v) Feed mill – Maize
(vi) Oil mill – Oil palm fruits
(1c)
(i) To increase food production: Farm settlements are established to boost the quantity of crops and livestock produced in the country.
(ii) To reduce rural-urban migration: They provide employment and better living conditions in rural areas, encouraging people to remain in the countryside.
(iii) To promote modern farming methods: Settlements introduce farmers to improved techniques, tools, and technology for higher productivity.
(iv) To encourage youth participation in agriculture: They attract young people into farming by providing land, training, and facilities.
(v) To ensure efficient use of land resources: Settlements help organize land use for large-scale and coordinated agricultural production.
(vi) To improve the standard of living of farmers: They offer social amenities such as water, electricity, schools, and health centers to enhance rural welfare.
(1d)
(i) Adding organic matter: Organic materials such as compost, manure, and decomposed leaves help improve water-holding capacity and increase nutrient retention in sandy soil.
(ii) Mulching the soil surface: Mulch conserves moisture, reduces temperature fluctuations, and prevents rapid drying, which sandy soils are prone to.
(iii) Planting cover crops: Cover crops such as legumes and grasses protect the soil from erosion, add organic matter, and enhance soil structure over time.
(iv) Applying irrigation frequently: Since sandy soil loses water quickly, regular irrigation ensures crops receive adequate moisture for proper growth.
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(2a)
Drainage is the process of removing excess water from the soil to create suitable conditions for plant growth.
(2b)
(i) Prevents waterlogging: Drainage removes stagnant water from the soil, creating conditions that allow plant roots to breathe and function properly.
(ii) Improves soil aeration: Drainage increases the amount of air in the soil, which helps microorganisms and plant roots to carry out their activities effectively.
(iii) Enhances root development: Proper drainage allows roots to penetrate deeper into the soil, improving plant stability and nutrient uptake.
(iv) Reduces soil erosion: Controlled drainage systems help regulate water flow, preventing the washing away of topsoil and nutrients.
(v) Facilitates timely farming operations: Well-drained soil dries faster after rainfall, allowing farmers to cultivate, plant, and harvest crops without delay.
(vi) Reduces disease incidence: Good drainage prevents the growth of disease-causing organisms that thrive in overly wet soil, thereby promoting healthier crops.
(2c)
(i) Seed box/hopper: It stores and holds the seeds before they are released into the planting mechanism for sowing.
(ii) Furrow opener: It creates a narrow trench or furrow in the soil where the seeds will be deposited during planting.
(iii) Seed tube: It guides and directs the seeds from the seed box down into the furrow created by the opener.
(iv) Furrow wheel/roller: It closes the furrow after seed placement and firms the soil around the seeds to ensure good soil-seed contact for germination.
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(3ai)
Botanical name: The botanical name of okro is Abelmoschus esculentus.
(3aii)
Method of propagation: Okro is propagated by seeds, which are sown directly into the field because the crop does not tolerate transplanting well.
(3aiii)
Soil requirement: Okro grows best in well-drained, fertile loamy soil rich in organic matter, with a pH range of 6.0-6.8 to support good root development and high yield.
(3aiv)
Spacing: Okro is commonly spaced at 60 cm between rows and 30 cm between plants within the row to allow adequate aeration, sunlight penetration, and ease of field operations.
(3av)
One disease: Leaf spot disease, which causes brown or black spots on leaves and leads to premature leaf fall, reducing plant vigor and yield.
(3avi)
One pest: Fruit borer, which bores holes into developing pods, damaging the fruits and reducing market quality.
(3b)
(i) Regular weeding: Removing weeds around rubber trees to reduce competition for nutrients, water, and sunlight.
(ii) Fertilizer application: Supplying essential nutrients to enhance growth, latex yield, and overall tree health.
(iii) Pruning: Cutting off unwanted branches to improve canopy structure and allow better air circulation and sunlight penetration.
(iv) Pest and disease control: Monitoring rubber trees and applying appropriate control measures to prevent damage from insects and pathogens.
(3c)
(i) Presence of mixed vegetation: Natural pastures contain a variety of grasses, legumes, and herbs that grow without deliberate planting, providing diverse forage for grazing animals.
(ii) Low productivity: These pastures generally produce less biomass because they are not regularly fertilized, irrigated, or improved through management practices.
(iii) Seasonal availability: Forage production in natural pastures depends on rainfall patterns, making them lush during the rainy season and scarce during the dry season.
(iv) Poor nutrient content: Natural pastures often have lower protein and mineral levels compared to improved or cultivated pastures, resulting from limited soil enhancement and management.
(3d)
(i) Centrosema
(ii) Stylosanthes
(iii) Calapo
(iv) Pueraria
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(4ai)
Forest regulation: This is the process of controlling and managing the use of forest resources to ensure continuous, balanced, and sustainable production without degrading the forest.
(4aii)
Selective exploration: This is a harvesting method in which only mature, over-mature, or economically valuable trees are removed while younger trees are left to continue growing.
(4aiii)
Deforestation: This is the large-scale removal or clearing of forest vegetation, usually for agriculture, settlement, or industrial activities, leading to loss of forest cover.
(4aiv)
Regeneration: This is the process of natural or artificial renewal of a forest after harvesting, fire, or other disturbances, ensuring that new trees grow to replace the removed ones.
(4b)
A pest in crop production is any organism, such as an insect, rodent, bird, nematode, fungus, or weed, that damages crops, reduces yield, or interferes with the proper growth and productivity of cultivated plants.
(4c)
(i) Reduction in crop yield: Pests feed on leaves, stems, roots, and fruits, reducing the quantity of harvestable produce and causing significant losses to farmers.
(ii) Decrease in crop quality: Pests such as borers, beetles, and fungal pathogens cause physical damage or contamination, lowering the market value and overall quality of crops.
(iii) Increase in production cost: Farmers spend extra money on pesticides, traps, labor, and preventive measures to control pests, increasing the overall cost of crop production.
(iv) Destruction of stored products: Storage pests like weevils and moths damage grains and other produce after harvest, leading to financial losses and food scarcity.
(v) Transmission of diseases: Some pests act as carriers of pathogens; for example, insects can spread viral, fungal, or bacterial diseases that further reduce crop productivity.
(vi) Loss of planting materials: Pests attack seeds, seedlings, and vegetative cuttings, reducing the availability of healthy planting materials and affecting future planting seasons.
(4d)
(i) Weeds can help prevent soil erosion by covering and protecting the soil surface from the direct impact of rain.
(ii) Some weeds add organic matter and nutrients to the soil when they decay, helping to improve soil fertility.
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(5a)
(i) Protection: The skin protects the animal’s body from injuries, harmful microorganisms, harmful chemicals, and adverse environmental conditions.
(ii) Regulation of body temperature: The skin helps maintain a stable body temperature through sweating, insulation, and heat dissipation.
(iii) Sensation: The skin contains nerve endings that allow animals to feel touch, pain, pressure, and temperature changes, helping them respond to their environment.
(iv) Excretion: The skin assists in removing waste products such as salts and water through sweat glands, helping to maintain internal balance.
(5b)
(IN A TABULAR FORM)
=MONOGASTRICS=
(i) They have one simple stomach.
(ii) They do not chew cud.
(iii) Their stomach has no rumen, reticulum, omasum, or abomasum.
(iv) They mainly digest food using enzymes.
(v) They feed mostly on concentrated feeds.
(vi) They have a limited ability to digest fibre.
=RUMINANTS=
(i) They have a complex stomach with four compartments.
(ii) They chew cud as part of their digestion.
(iii) Their stomach includes the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum.
(iv) They digest food mainly through microbial fermentation.
(v) They feed mostly on roughages like grasses.
(vi) They have a high ability to digest fibre.
(5c)
(i) Testes: They produce sperm cells and also secrete the male sex hormone (testosterone), which is responsible for male reproductive functions.
(ii) Scrotum: It holds and protects the testes while regulating their temperature by contracting or relaxing to ensure optimal conditions for sperm production.
(iii) Vas deferens: It transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation for possible fertilization.
(iv) Epididymis: It stores and allows the maturation of sperm cells, making them capable of movement and fertilization.
(v) Prostate gland: It secretes a milky fluid that forms part of the semen, helping to nourish and protect sperm and enhance their mobility.
(5d)
(i) It can become dusty, causing respiratory problems for birds.
(ii) It may cake easily when wet, leading to poor moisture absorption and unhygienic conditions.
(iii) It can harbour moulds or pathogens when damp, increasing the risk of diseases.
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(6ai)
Apiculture is the scientific management and rearing of bees for the production of honey, wax, and other bee products.
(6aii)
Heliculture is the commercial rearing and management of snails for meat and other snail products.
(6aiii)
Pomology is the branch of horticulture that deals with the study and cultivation of fruit crops.
(6aiv)
Silviculture is the art and science of establishing, managing, and caring for forest trees to ensure continuous forest production.
(6b)
(i) Regulation of body temperature: Water helps animals maintain a stable internal temperature through processes such as sweating, panting, and evaporation, preventing overheating.
(ii) Transportation of nutrients and waste: Water acts as a medium for transporting digested nutrients, hormones, and other substances within the body, and it also helps carry waste products to excretory organs for removal.
(iii) Digestion and absorption of food: Water is essential for the breakdown of feed in the digestive system and aids in dissolving and absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream.
(iv) Lubrication of body tissues: Water keeps joints, muscles, and internal organs moist and well-lubricated, allowing smooth movement and preventing tissue dryness or friction.
(6ci)
(Balanced ration: A balanced ration is a feed mixture that contains all the essential nutrients, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water in the correct proportions required for the proper health, growth, and functioning of an animal.
(6cii)
Maintenance ration: A maintenance ration is the amount of feed given to an animal to keep it alive and healthy without allowing weight gain, weight loss, or production. It supports basic body functions such as breathing, circulation, and movement.
(6ciii)
Production ration: A production ration is the additional feed supplied to an animal above the maintenance requirement to support production activities such as milk production, egg laying, growth, pregnancy, or work.
(6d)
(i) Source of forage for livestock: Rangelands provide natural grasses and legumes that serve as cheap and abundant feed for grazing animals, reducing the cost of feeding.
(ii) Conservation of soil and water: The vegetation on rangelands protects the soil from erosion and improves water infiltration, helping to conserve soil fertility and maintain moisture.
(iii) Habitat for wildlife: Rangelands offer shelter and food for various wildlife species, helping to preserve biodiversity and support ecological balance.
(iv) Support for agricultural production: Rangelands make large areas of land available for extensive livestock rearing, increasing national livestock output and supporting rural livelihoods.
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(7a)
(i) Bee hive
(ii) Smoker
(iii) Bee suit
(iv) Hive tool
(7b)
(i) Honey: It is the main product obtained from bees and is used as food and in medicine due to its nutritional and medicinal properties.
(ii) Beeswax: It is used in making candles, cosmetics, polishes, and ointments because of its smooth and mouldable nature.
(iii) Propolis: This resin-like substance collected by bees is used in traditional medicine and in making health supplements due to its antibacterial properties.
(iv) Royal jelly: It is a nutritious secretion used in producing health supplements and cosmetic products because of its high protein and vitamin content.
(7c)
(i) Wearing protective clothing: The beekeeper must wear a bee suit, gloves, and a veil to prevent bee stings and ensure safe handling of the hive.
(ii) Using the smoker properly: Smoke should be applied gently to calm the bees, reducing their aggressiveness and making hive inspection safer and easier.
(iii) Locating hives in safe areas: Hives should be placed away from footpaths, livestock areas, and residential zones to avoid accidental disturbance and reduce the risk of stings.
(iv) Avoiding strong scents: The beekeeper should not use perfumes or scented soaps before visiting the apiary, as strong smells can attract or irritate the bees, increasing the chance of stings.
(7di)
WHOLESALERS:
(i) Bulk purchasing and distribution: Wholesalers buy agricultural produce in large quantities from farmers and distribute them to retailers or processors, helping to move goods efficiently through the marketing chain.
(ii) Price stabilization: By buying in bulk and storing produce when supply is high, wholesalers help reduce market fluctuations and maintain stable prices for both farmers and consumers.
(7dii)
RETAILERS:
(i) Selling in small quantities: Retailers break bulk and sell agricultural products in small units to consumers, making goods accessible and affordable to households.
(ii) Providing market information: Retailers give feedback to wholesalers and farmers on consumer preferences, demand patterns, and price trends, helping to guide production and marketing decisions.
(7diii)
COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES:
(i) Collective marketing: Cooperative societies help farmers pool their produce to sell in bulk, enabling them to negotiate better prices and reduce exploitation by middlemen.
(ii) Access to credit and inputs: They provide members with loans, seeds, fertilizers, and other inputs at affordable rates, improving production and marketing efficiency.
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