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ADVANCED PLUMBING AND PIPE FITTING ANSWERS (TYPE A)
SECTION A
INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION.
(1)
The purpose of a towel rail in a hot water heating system is to dry and warm towels while also providing slight space heating in the bathroom.
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(2)
The type of valve used to overcome resistance on long runs of steam pipe work is a pressure-reducing valve.
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(3)
(i) Low-pressure steam heating system
(ii) High-pressure steam heating system
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(4a)
The purpose of a trap in sanitary appliances is to prevent foul gases from the drainage system from entering the building by maintaining a water seal.
(4b)
(i) P-trap
(ii) S-trap
(iii) Bottle trap
(iv) Grease trap
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(5)
Back flooding from a sewer into the drainage system can be prevented by installing non-return valves or backflow prevention devices on the drainage line.
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(6)
(i) To control temperature
(ii) To control humidity
(iii) To ensure proper air circulation and ventilation
(iv) To filter and purify indoor air
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(7)
(i) Water test
(ii) Smoke test
(iii) Air pressure test
(iv) Hydraulic test
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(8a)
(i) Neutral flame
(ii) Oxidizing flame
(iii) Carburizing (reducing) flame
(8b)
(Draw the diagram)
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(9)
(i) Clean the surfaces of both the main pipe and the branch pipe to remove dirt, grease, and oxide layers.
(ii) Cut and prepare the branch opening on the main pipe to the correct size.
(iii) Fit the branch pipe into the opening and ensure proper alignment.
(iv) Apply suitable flux around the joint to promote proper bonding.
(v) Heat the joint area evenly using an appropriate welding or brazing torch.
(vi) Apply filler metal when the correct temperature is reached, allowing it to flow into the joint.
(vii) Allow the joint to cool naturally, then clean off excess flux.
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(10)
Acetylene gas is produced by the chemical reaction between calcium carbide and water. When water is added to calcium carbide, it generates acetylene gas and calcium hydroxide as a by-product. The gas is then purified to remove impurities and stored in specially designed cylinders filled with porous material soaked in acetone to stabilize the acetylene.
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SECTION B
INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER FIVE QUESTIONS ONLY.
(11)
(Draw the diagram)
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(12)
(Draw the diagram)
The indirect hot water cylinder is a storage vessel used to heat water by means of a separate heat source. Hot water or steam from a boiler flows through a coil inside the cylinder. Heat is transferred from the coil to the stored water without the two mixing. Heated water rises to the top of the cylinder and is supplied to outlets, while cold water enters from the bottom to replace it.
=FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS=
(i) Vent pipe: Allows trapped air to escape and prevents pressure build-up inside the cylinder.
(ii) Cold water inlet: Supplies fresh cold water into the cylinder to replace water drawn off.
(iii) Heating coil: Transfers heat from the boiler water or steam into the stored domestic water.
(iv) Heat source inlet: Admits the hot fluid from the boiler into the heating coil.
(v) Hot water outlet: Delivers hot water from the top of the cylinder to taps or appliances.
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(13a)
(Draw the diagram)
A single-stack system uses one main vertical pipe to carry both wastewater and air movement for venting. All fixtures, such as the sink and toilet, discharge into this same stack, which allows waste to flow downward while air travels up and out through the vent portion of the pipe. This shared pathway prevents pressure imbalances, protects trap seals, and allows smooth drainage without needing separate vent pipes for each fixture.
(13b)
(i) Durability: The appliance must be made from strong, corrosion-resistant materials so it can withstand continuous use, temperature changes, and cleaning chemicals without cracking or degrading.
(ii) Smooth surface: The inside and outside surfaces should be smooth and non-absorbent to prevent the buildup of dirt, bacteria, and stains, making cleaning easier and maintaining hygiene.
(iii) Efficient drainage: The design should allow wastewater to flow out quickly without stagnation, ensuring proper self-cleansing and preventing foul odours.
(iv) Resistance to chemicals: The appliance should resist damage from detergents, disinfectants, and other cleaning agents, maintaining its appearance and functionality over time.
(v) Aesthetic appearance: The appliance should have an attractive finish and shape to complement the overall look of the bathroom or kitchen while still maintaining hygiene standards.
(vi) Ease of installation: The appliance should be designed with proper fittings and dimensions that allow plumbers to install it quickly and securely without requiring special modifications.
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(14a)
(i) Removal of suspended solids: Water must be cleared of sand, silt, and other visible particles to improve clarity and safety.
(ii) Removal of dissolved impurities: Harmful chemicals, minerals, and dissolved pollutants must be reduced to safe levels.
(iii) Elimination of pathogens: Disease-causing microorganisms must be destroyed to make the water safe for drinking.
(iv) Improvement of taste and odour: Unpleasant smells and tastes must be treated so that the water is acceptable for domestic use.
(v) Disinfection and safe distribution: The treated water must be disinfected and maintained free from contamination while being supplied to consumers.
(14b)
Raw water first undergoes screening to remove large debris, then aeration to improve oxygen content and release gases. It proceeds to coagulation and flocculation, where chemicals help tiny particles join together. The water then passes through sedimentation, allowing the heavier flocs to settle, followed by filtration, where remaining impurities are removed. Finally, disinfection is carried out to kill pathogens before the clean water is pumped into the distribution system.
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(15i)
Steam trap: A steam trap is a device fitted on the condensate outlet of a calorifier to automatically discharge condensed water while preventing live steam from escaping. It ensures that only condensate leaves the heating coil, keeping the coil filled with steam for efficient heat transfer and maintaining steady temperature control in the hot water system.
(15ii)
Saturated steam: Saturated steam is steam that exists at the temperature corresponding exactly to its boiling point for a given pressure. In a calorifier, it is the form of steam supplied to the heating coil because it contains a high amount of latent heat, allowing efficient and rapid transfer of heat to the water stored in the vessel.
(15iii)
Altitude gauge: An altitude gauge is an instrument used on hot water systems to indicate the height or pressure of water within the system. On a calorifier, it helps show the effective water level or pressure head, making it easier to monitor system conditions, detect abnormal pressure changes, and ensure safe operation.
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(16a)
(Draw the diagram)
(16b)
(i) Compressor: Converts low-pressure refrigerant gas into high-pressure gas, providing the necessary energy for the cooling cycle.
(ii) Condenser: Releases heat from the high-pressure refrigerant to the outside air or water, condensing it into a high-pressure liquid.
(iii) Expansion Valve: Reduces the pressure of the refrigerant, causing it to cool rapidly before entering the evaporator.
(iv) Evaporator: Absorbs heat from the building’s air or water, allowing the refrigerant to evaporate and produce the cooling effect.
(v) Air Handling Unit (AHU) or Fan Coil Unit (FCU): Distributes the cooled air throughout the building via ducts or directly into rooms.
(vi) Pumps or Fans: Circulate the refrigerant, chilled water, or air to ensure effective cooling and heat transfer.
(vii) Piping and Ductwork: Connects all components of the system and directs the flow of refrigerant, water, or air efficiently.
(viii) Control System: Regulates temperature, pressure, and flow to maintain optimal cooling performance and energy efficiency.
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