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ADVANCED COMPUTER CRAFT ANSWERS (TYPE A)
SECTION A
INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION.
(1a)
A management information system is a computer-based system that collects, processes, stores, and provides information to support decision-making, coordination, and control in an organization.
(1b)
(i) Human Resource Management System (HRMS)
(ii) Customer Relationship Management System (CRM).
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(2i)
Business organisation: Management information systems help businesses make informed decisions by providing timely and accurate data: This improves planning, enhances productivity, and supports effective monitoring of operations.
(2ii)
Education: Management information systems support educational institutions by organizing student records, academic performance, and administrative data: This improves efficiency, reduces workload, and enhances overall management and planning.
(2iii)
Hospital: Management information systems assist hospitals by storing and managing patient information, treatment histories, and medical records: This ensures quick access to data, improves patient care, and supports accurate diagnosis and treatment.
(2iv)
Government: Management information systems enable governments to manage public records, resources, and services effectively: This promotes transparency, enhances service delivery, and supports policy formulation based on reliable data.
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(3a)
Data security is the practice of protecting digital information from unauthorized access, corruption, loss, or theft to ensure that data remains safe, private, and reliable.
(3b)
(i) Password protection: This involves using strong and unique passwords to restrict access to data: It ensures that only authorized individuals can view or modify sensitive information.
(ii) Data encryption: This method converts data into a coded or unreadable format before storage or transmission: It prevents unauthorized users from understanding the information even if they gain access to it.
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(4i)
The COPY command creates one or more duplicates of selected objects in the drawing. You specify a base point and a second point to define the displacement of the copied objects.
(4ii)
The ROTATE command turns selected objects around a specified base point by a specified angle. The original orientation changes based on the angle of rotation.
(4iii)
The TRIM command cuts off or removes portions of objects that extend past or cross other objects. You select cutting edges and then the parts of objects you want to trim away.
(4iv)
The EXTEND command lengthens or stretches objects until they meet the edges of other selected boundary objects. It works as the opposite of TRIM.
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(5i)
A programmed decision is a routine, repetitive decision made by following established rules, procedures, or guidelines. It is used for well-structured problems that occur frequently and where the correct action is known in advance.
(5ii)
A nonprogrammed decision is a new, unusual, or unstructured decision that requires judgment, creativity, and problem-solving. It deals with unique situations for which no established rules or procedures exist.
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(6)
(i) Table: A table is a database object that stores data in rows and columns. Each row represents a record while each column represents a field. Tables hold the actual data and form the foundation of a relational database.
(ii) Query: A query is a database object used to retrieve, filter, sort, or manipulate data from one or more tables. It allows users to specify criteria to display only the information that meets certain conditions.
(iii) Form: A form is a user-friendly database object used for entering, editing, and viewing data. It provides an interface with fields, labels, and controls to make data entry easier and more organized.
(iv) Report: A report is a database object used to format, summarize, and present data in a readable and printable layout. It is often used to create professional documents such as summaries, invoices, and data analyses.
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(7)
Management is the process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling an organization’s resources such as people, finances, and materials to achieve defined goals efficiently and effectively.
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(8a)
Computer ethics is the set of moral principles and guidelines that govern the proper use of computers, technology, and digital information. It involves understanding what is right and wrong when accessing, creating, and sharing digital resources.
(8b)
(i) Avoid unauthorized access: Users should not access files, systems, or networks without permission.
(ii) Respect intellectual property: Users should not copy or use software, digital content, or data without proper authorization or licensing.
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(9a)
A feasibility study is the stage in the system development life cycle where analysts evaluate whether the proposed system is practical and achievable. It examines factors such as cost, time, technical requirements, legal issues, and operational needs to determine if the project should proceed.
(9b)
System design is the stage where the structure and components of the proposed system are planned in detail. It involves defining input and output formats, database structures, user interfaces, system architecture, and procedures to ensure the system will meet user requirements effectively.
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(10a)
Synchronous data transmission is a communication method in which data is sent in a continuous stream, synchronized by a common clock signal. Both the sender and receiver operate at the same time, allowing data to be transmitted in blocks without start or stop bits, resulting in faster and more efficient transmission.
(10b)
Asynchronous data transmission is a communication method in which data is sent one character or byte at a time, each framed with start and stop bits. The sender and receiver do not share a common clock; instead, timing is controlled by these bits.
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SECTION B
INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER FIVE QUESTIONS ONLY.
(11a)
(i) Using the menu bar: Click on View, go to Toolbars, then choose the toolbar you want from the list. Once selected, it will appear on the screen.
(ii) Using the command line: Type the command TOOLBAR and press Enter. Enter the name of the toolbar you want to display and specify Show. This brings the toolbar back onto the screen.
(11b)
(i) Open the Units dialog box: Type UNITS on the command line and press Enter. This opens the Drawing Units window where all unit settings can be adjusted.
(ii) Select the unit type: Choose the preferred unit format such as Architectural, Decimal, Engineering, Fractional, or Scientific. This determines how measurements will be displayed.
(iii) Set the precision: Adjust the precision level to define the number of decimal places or fractional accuracy. This controls how exact measurements appear in the drawing.
(iv) Specify the insertion scale: Select the unit type for inserting blocks or drawings. This ensures that objects inserted from other files scale correctly according to the chosen drawing units.
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(12)
(i) Database component: This is the data storage part of a DSS. It contains internal data from the organization, external data such as market or industry information, and sometimes data from previous decisions. It provides the raw facts needed for analysis and decision-making.
(ii) Model base component: This component holds the mathematical, statistical, and analytical models used to process data. Examples include forecasting models, optimization models, simulation models, and financial models. It helps transform raw data into meaningful insights for decision-making.
(iii) User interface component: This is the part that allows users to interact with the DSS. It includes screens, menus, dialog boxes, input forms, and graphical displays. A good user interface makes it easy for decision makers to access data, run models, and interpret results.
(iv) Knowledge base component: This component contains rules, procedures, and expert knowledge that guide the decision-making process. It may include best practices, previous solutions, and decision rules that help users make more informed and consistent decisions.
(v) DSS software system: This is the overall software environment that integrates the database, model base, and user interface. It manages communication among all components and ensures they work together smoothly to support the decision-making process.
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(13a)
A database administrator (DBA) is a professional responsible for managing, maintaining, and controlling access to an organization’s database systems to ensure they function efficiently, securely, and reliably.
(13b)
(i) Database installation and configuration: The DBA installs database software and configures it to meet organizational requirements. This includes setting up the database environment, storage structures, and related system components.
(ii) Data security management: The DBA ensures that only authorized users can access the database. This involves setting user permissions, creating access controls, and implementing security measures to protect data from unauthorized access, corruption, or loss.
(iii) Backup and recovery management: The DBA creates and manages backup schedules to ensure data is safely stored. In case of system failure, the DBA restores the data from backups to ensure business continuity.
(iv) Performance monitoring and tuning: The DBA regularly monitors database performance and optimizes it by adjusting system settings, indexing tables, and improving query speed to ensure fast and efficient database operations.
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(14i)
Batch processing: Batch processing is a technique where data is collected over a period of time and processed together as a single group or batch. It is suitable for tasks that do not require immediate output, such as payroll processing or billing systems.
(14ii)
Online processing: Online processing is a technique where data is processed immediately as it is entered into the system. Users interact directly with the computer, and results are produced in real time. Examples include airline reservation systems and banking systems.
(14iii)
Transaction processing: Transaction processing involves handling individual transactions one at a time in a fast and reliable manner. Each transaction is processed instantly and must be completed fully or not at all. It is commonly used in point-of-sale terminals and ATM systems.
(14iv)
Distributed processing: Distributed processing is a technique where data processing tasks are divided across multiple computers or locations. Each computer performs part of the processing, improving speed, reliability, and efficiency. It is used in large organizations with multiple branches or networked systems.
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(15a)
Data integrity is the correctness, consistency, and reliability of data throughout its life cycle. It ensures that data remains accurate, unchanged, and trustworthy from the time it is created to the time it is used.
(15bi)
Accuracy: Accuracy means that data is correct, free from errors, and reflects real-world values. Accurate data ensures that information entered into the system matches the actual facts without mistakes or distortions.
(15bii)
Completeness: Completeness means that all required data is present and fully recorded. No essential information is missing. When data is complete, users can make decisions without gaps or incomplete records.
(15biii)
Reliability: Reliability means that data is dependable and can be trusted for decision-making. It remains consistent over time and is gathered from credible sources or validated processes.
(15biv)
Efficiency: Efficiency means that data is processed and stored in a way that uses minimal resources while still being accessible and usable. Efficient data supports fast retrieval, smooth operations, and effective system performance.
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(16a)
(i) Higher accuracy: AutoCAD allows precise measurements and exact drawings, reducing errors that often occur in manual drafting.
(ii) Faster editing and modification: Changes can be made quickly in AutoCAD without redrawing the entire work, unlike manual drafting where corrections are time-consuming.
(16b)
CAD is used to create detailed digital designs of products, while CAM uses those digital designs to control machines and equipment during the manufacturing process. The link between them is that CAD drawings are directly transferred to CAM systems, allowing automated production, reducing human error, improving efficiency, and ensuring that the manufactured product matches the original design accurately.
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(17i)
Data redundancy: Data redundancy occurs when the same data is stored in multiple files or locations within a traditional file system. Because each application has its own separate files, duplicate copies of the same information exist. This leads to wasted storage space and increases the chances of data inconsistency when different copies of the same data do not match.
(17ii)
Program-data dependence: Program-data dependence means that in a traditional file system, the structure of the data is built into the application programs. If the format of a file changes, all programs that access that file must also be modified. This makes maintenance difficult, time-consuming, and expensive because programs are tightly linked to the data they use.
(17iii)
Difficulty of data sharing: In a traditional file system, data is often stored in separate files for each application, making it difficult for different users or programs to share the same information. Since files are isolated and lack a central control system, users may have trouble accessing needed data, leading to duplication, inconsistencies, and limited collaboration.
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