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INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING CONSTRUCTION OBJ (TYPE B)
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INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ANSWERS (TYPE B)
ANSWER FIVE(5) QUESTIONS ONLY
(1ai)
(i) Strip foundation
(ii) Pad foundation
(iii) Raft or mat foundation
(iv) Pile foundation
(1aii)
(i) Type of soil: Different soils have varying bearing capacities, affecting stability.
(ii) Load of the building: Heavier buildings require stronger or deeper foundations.
(iii) Water table level: High water tables may require special waterproof or deeper foundations.
(iv) Cost: Budget constraints can influence the type of foundation chosen.
(1aiii)
The foundation transfers the load of the building to the ground safely, preventing settlement, cracking, or collapse. It provides stability, distributes weight evenly, and protects the structure from ground movement and moisture.
(1bi)
A wall is a vertical structure that encloses or divides a space within a building. It provides support for the roof or upper floors and serves as a barrier for security, privacy, and environmental protection.
(1bii)
(i) Strength: Must support the weight of the building above it.
(ii) Durability: Should withstand weather, wear, and environmental effects.
(iii) Insulation: Provides thermal and sound insulation.
(iv) Stability: Must resist lateral forces such as wind or seismic activity.
(v) Protection: Shields occupants from rain, wind, heat, and cold.
(vi) Aesthetic appeal: Contributes to the overall appearance of the building.
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(3a)
A scaffold is a temporary structure used to support workers and materials during the construction, maintenance, or repair of buildings and other structures. It provides a safe and stable platform at heights that would otherwise be difficult to reach for tasks like bricklaying, painting, or cleaning. Scaffolds are typically made of metal or wood and include components such as platforms, supports, braces, and ties to ensure stability and safety while work is carried out above ground level.
(3bi)
(Draw the diagram)
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(4)
(Draw the diagram)
A strip foundation is a shallow foundation made of a continuous strip of concrete that supports load-bearing walls. It is laid in trenches below ground level to spread the building’s load evenly and prevent uneven settlement. The trench is usually about 600–900 mm wide and around 1 m deep, with the width of the strip generally three times that of the wall it supports. It may include steel reinforcement for added strength and is commonly used for small to medium-sized buildings on soils with good bearing capacity.
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(5a)
(i) Durability
(ii) Maintenance
(iii) Aesthetic appearance
(iv) Resistance to moisture
(v) Cost effectiveness
(vi) Compatibility with floor substrate
(5b)
(i) Durability: The floor finish must last long enough to avoid frequent and costly replacements, ensuring it withstands wear, impacts, and environmental conditions over time. This reduces maintenance interruptions and overall lifecycle costs.
(ii) Maintenance: The ease of cleaning and upkeep of the floor finish affects its long-term appearance and functionality, with simpler maintenance reducing labor and material costs. Regular maintenance also helps prevent damage and extends the floor’s usable life.
(iii) Aesthetic appearance: The chosen finish should enhance the look of the space, reflecting the intended style and atmosphere of the building. An appealing floor finish adds value and comfort to the environment.
(iv) Resistance to moisture: Floor finishes in damp areas need to repel water to prevent structural damage, mold growth, and slippery conditions. Adequate moisture resistance protects the floor substrate and maintains safety.
(v) Cost effectiveness: Both initial installation and ongoing maintenance costs should be reasonable, balancing budget constraints with performance needs. Cost-effective choices avoid excessive spending without sacrificing quality.
(vi) Compatibility with floor substrate: The finishing material must be suitable for the base material to ensure good adhesion and avoid problems like peeling or cracking. Proper compatibility guarantees the finish functions correctly and lasts longer.
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(6a)
The term setting out of a building refers to the process of marking on the ground the exact positions, lines, and levels of a building according to the architectural drawings. It involves transferring the building design from plans onto the construction site to ensure accurate positioning of foundations, walls, and other structural elements. This process is crucial for aligning the building correctly, complying with regulations, and ensuring construction accuracy and efficiency.
(6b)
(i) Baseline or Datum Line Method: This method uses a fixed reference line (baseline) from which all other measurements are taken. The baseline is established on site, and points are marked at correct distances along and from this line to plot the building layout.
(ii) Centre Line Method: This method involves marking the centre lines of walls or columns directly on the ground. It often uses pegs or markers to indicate the midpoints of structural elements to guide excavation and construction accurately.
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(7a)
Concrete is a construction material made by mixing cement, water, and aggregates such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone. This mixture forms a thick slurry that hardens over time through a chemical reaction called hydration, resulting in a strong, stone-like solid used widely in building and infrastructure projects.
(7b)
(i) Workability: It should be easy to mix, place, and compact without segregating or bleeding.
(ii) Durability: It should withstand weathering, chemical attack, and wear over time without significant deterioration.
(iii) Strength: It should have sufficient compressive strength to support the intended loads safely.
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