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IMPORTANT NOTICE: NABTEB GCE QUESTIONS ARE OFFERED IN TWO(2) TYPES (A & B). PLEASE ENSURE YOU SELECT THE SOLUTIONS THAT CORRESPOND TO YOUR PAPER TYPE. THANK YOU!
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GEOGRAPHY PRACTICAL ANSWERS (TYPE A)
SECTION A
(1ai)
The Dong S.W (003) map is a topographical map.
(1aii)
(i) Roads and footpaths
(ii) Rivers/streams
(iii) Contour lines indicating hills and elevation.
(1b)
The map was reduced by one-third of its size, meaning the remaining size is two-thirds (2/3) of the original:
Original scale is 1:50,000
New scale = 1 : (50,000 × 3/2) = 1 : 75,000
(1c)
(i) Farming/cultivation of crops
(ii) Hunting/gathering of forest produce
(iii) Livestock rearing
(1d)
Measured straight-line distance = 4.4 cm
Scale = 1 : 50,000
1cm = 0.5 km
4.4 cm × 0.5 km = 2.2km
(1e)
The area exhibits a dendritic drainage pattern, characterized by the branching of streams like tree limbs, commonly formed in regions with uniform rock structure.
(1f)
Direction: North-East (NE)
Bearing: 067°
(1g)
(i) Settlement pattern is dispersed/scattered.
(ii) Villages are found along roads and near rivers.
(iii) Settlements are generally small, rural, and agriculturally based.
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SECTION B
PART I: ANSWER TWO(2) QUESTIONS ONLY
(2a)
(2b)
= Earth’s Crust=
(i) It is the outermost layer of the Earth.
(ii) It is made up of solid rocks and forms continents and ocean floors.
=Mantle=
(i) It lies directly beneath the crust.
(ii) It consists of semi-molten rock which moves slowly and causes volcanic activities.
=Core=
(i) It is the innermost layer of the Earth.
(ii) It is made of very hot, dense metals
(2c)
(i) Provides soil for agriculture and plant growth.
(ii) Source of minerals and fossil fuels used as energy resources.
(iii) Supports human settlements by providing land for building houses and infrastructure.
(iv) Contains forests and grazing lands for livestock.
(v) Plays a role in regulating climate through carbon storage and geological processes.
(vi) Provides raw materials for industries and manufacturing.
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(3a)
(i) Wind
Onshore winds from the sea bring moisture and cause rainfall along coastlands (e.g., Southwest Monsoon in West Africa). Offshore winds from the land are dry and reduce rainfall (e.g., Harmattan in West Africa). Warm winds increase temperature, while cold winds lower temperature along adjacent coasts.
(ii) Ocean current
Warm ocean currents increase humidity and temperature along adjacent coastlands (e.g., Guinea current along West Africa). Cold ocean currents lower temperature and reduce rainfall, leading to dryness or deserts (e.g., Benguela current causes dry conditions along the Namibian coast).
(iii) Continentality
Coastal areas have moderate temperatures and higher rainfall due to the cooling effect of the sea. Areas farther inland have more extreme temperatures and lower rainfall (e.g., Lagos is wetter while Kano is hotter and drier).
(3b)
(i) Provides water for agriculture (crop farming and livestock).
(ii) Supplies domestic water for drinking, cooking and washing.
(iii) Used in generating hydroelectric power.
(iv) Provides water for industrial activities such as cooling and processing.
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(4a)
Land reclamation is the process of converting useless or water-logged land into land that can be used for agriculture, settlement, or other human activities.
(4b)
(i) Lagos
(ii) Port Harcourt
(iii) Warri
(iv) Bonny Island
(4c)
(i) Sand filling: Sand or soil is deposited into swampy or water-covered areas to raise the land level. This creates a solid surface that can support buildings, roads, and other structures.
(ii) Drainage: Water is removed from marshy land using drains, ditches, pumping machines or canals. When the excess water is drained out, the land becomes dry and suitable for farming or construction.
(iii) Dredging: Sand or soil is dug from the bottom of rivers, lagoons or seas and transported to fill low-lying areas. This method deepens waterways and provides material used to build new land.
(iv) Construction of embankments or sea walls: Barriers are built along coastlines or rivers to stop water from entering low areas. These structures protect reclaimed land from erosion and flooding.
(v) Afforestation: Trees and grasses are planted on reclaimed land to hold the soil together. The roots prevent erosion and improve the stability of the reclaimed area.
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PART II: ANSWER ONE(1) QUESTION ONLY
(5a)
(i) Remote sensing: Remote sensing is the process of collecting information about the Earth’s surface without physical contact, using sensors on aircraft, drones, or satellites. These sensors detect reflected or emitted energy (such as light or heat) from objects on the Earth.
(ii) Satellite remote sensing: Satellite remote sensing is a type of remote sensing in which satellites orbiting the Earth capture images and data about land, water bodies, and the atmosphere. The satellite sends the collected data back to ground stations for interpretation.
(iii) Data input: Data input refers to the process of entering or feeding data into the GIS system. It includes converting maps, images, or field data into digital form so that the computer can store and analyze them.
(5b)
(i) Satellite images: Used to collect large-scale information about land use, vegetation, and environmental changes. They cover wide areas and are useful for monitoring changes over time.
(ii) Aerial photographs: Photos taken from aircraft or drones that provide detailed images of smaller areas like farms, towns, or construction sites. They give a clearer view of objects and features than satellite images.
(iii) Existing maps and plans: These include topographic maps, road maps, and survey plans that can be scanned and digitized into GIS. They serve as a reliable reference because they are produced from official surveys.
(iv) Field survey data: Data collected directly on-site using GPS devices, measuring instruments, or observation notes. It gives the most accurate and current information about a location.
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(6a)
Remote sensing provides spatial data by capturing images and information about the Earth’s surface from a distance, often using satellites or aircraft. GIS (Geographic Information Systems) uses this spatial data to store, analyze, visualize, and interpret patterns and relationships on maps. Together, remote sensing supplies up-to-date geospatial data which GIS processes and integrates with other data sources for better spatial analysis and decision-making.
(6b)
(i) Environmental monitoring: Used to detect deforestation, flooding, land degradation, and oil spills.
(ii) Agriculture: Used to monitor crop growth, soil moisture, and predict harvest yield.
(iii) Weather and climate studies: Used to track cloud movement, storms, and predict weather conditions.
(6c)
GPS (Global Positioning System) is a satellite-based navigation system that provides precise location and time information anywhere on Earth. It consists of a network of satellites that send signals to GPS receivers on the ground, which calculate their exact position through trilateration. GPS is widely used for navigation, mapping, surveying, and in applications such as transportation, agriculture, and disaster management.
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GEOGRAPHY PRACTICAL ANSWERS (TYPE B)
SECTION A
*NABTEB GCE 2025 GEOGRAPHY PRACTICAL ANSWERS (TYPE B)*
(1a)
(i) Farming/cultivation of crops
(ii) Hunting/gathering of forest produce
(iii) Livestock rearing
(1b)
The area exhibits a dendritic drainage pattern, characterized by the branching of streams like tree limbs, commonly formed in regions with uniform rock structure.
(1ci)
The Dong S.W (003) map is a topographical map.
(1cii)
(i) Roads and footpaths
(ii) Rivers/streams
(iii) Contour lines indicating hills and elevation.
(1d)
(i) Settlement pattern is dispersed/scattered.
(ii) Villages are found along roads and near rivers.
(iii) Settlements are generally small, rural, and agriculturally based.
(1e)
The map was reduced by one-third of its size, meaning the remaining size is two-thirds (2/3) of the original:
Original scale is 1:50,000
New scale = 1 : (50,000 × 3/2) = 1 : 75,000
(1f)
Measured straight-line distance = 4.4 cm
Scale = 1 : 50,000
1cm = 0.5 km
4.4 cm × 0.5 km = 2.2km
(1g)
Direction: North-East (NE)
Bearing: 067°
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SECTION B
PART I: ANSWER TWO(2) QUESTIONS ONLY
(2a)
(i) Wind
Onshore winds from the sea bring moisture and cause rainfall along coastlands (e.g., Southwest Monsoon in West Africa). Offshore winds from the land are dry and reduce rainfall (e.g., Harmattan in West Africa). Warm winds increase temperature, while cold winds lower temperature along adjacent coasts.
(ii) Ocean current
Warm ocean currents increase humidity and temperature along adjacent coastlands (e.g., Guinea current along West Africa). Cold ocean currents lower temperature and reduce rainfall, leading to dryness or deserts (e.g., Benguela current causes dry conditions along the Namibian coast).
(iii) Continentality
Coastal areas have moderate temperatures and higher rainfall due to the cooling effect of the sea. Areas farther inland have more extreme temperatures and lower rainfall (e.g., Lagos is wetter while Kano is hotter and drier).
(2b)
(i) Provides water for agriculture (crop farming and livestock).
(ii) Supplies domestic water for drinking, cooking and washing.
(iii) Used in generating hydroelectric power.
(iv) Provides water for industrial activities such as cooling and processing.
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(3a)
Land reclamation is the process of creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds, or lake beds or converting unusable land into land suitable for agriculture, industrial, or urban use.
(3b)
(i) Lekki
(ii) Port Harcourt
(iii) Warri
(iv) Calabar
(3c)
(i) Draining: This involves removing excess water from swampy or waterlogged areas through canals or drains to make the land dry and usable for farming or construction. It helps convert wetlands into arable or buildable land.
(ii) Filling: This method uses materials like soil, sand, or rocks to fill water bodies or low-lying lands to raise the ground level. It is commonly used to create new land from the sea or fill flood-prone areas.
(iii) Dredging: This involves excavating sediments and debris from riverbeds or seabeds and depositing them at reclamation sites. It helps in deepening waterways and creating new land areas.
(iv) Levelling and Grading: This process smooths and flattens the reclaimed land surface to provide a stable foundation for buildings, roads, or agricultural activities.
(v) Afforestation and Planting: Planting trees and vegetation to stabilize the soil, prevent erosion, and improve soil fertility on reclaimed land, making it sustainable for long-term use.
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(4a)
(4b)
= Earth’s Crust=
(i) It is the outermost layer of the Earth.
(ii) It is made up of solid rocks and forms continents and ocean floors.
=Mantle=
(i) It lies directly beneath the crust.
(ii) It consists of semi-molten rock which moves slowly and causes volcanic activities.
=Core=
(i) It is the innermost layer of the Earth.
(ii) It is made of very hot, dense metals
(4c)
(i) It provides land for building houses, roads, industries, and settlements.
(ii) It supplies minerals such as gold, limestone, coal, and crude oil used for industry and export.
(iii) It supports agriculture because the soil is used for crop and livestock farming.
(iv) It supports transport systems, e.g., roads and tunnels are constructed on and through it.
(v) It provides fuel resources such as petroleum, natural gas, and coal.
(vi) It serves as a source of raw materials for construction.
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PART II: ANSWER ONE(1) QUESTION ONLY
(5a)
Remote sensing provides spatial data by capturing images and information about the Earth’s surface from a distance, often using satellites or aircraft. GIS (Geographic Information Systems) uses this spatial data to store, analyze, visualize, and interpret patterns and relationships on maps. Together, remote sensing supplies up-to-date geospatial data which GIS processes and integrates with other data sources for better spatial analysis and decision-making.
(5b)
(i) Environmental monitoring: Satellites capture changes in vegetation, deforestation, and pollution levels to help manage natural resources.
(ii) Disaster management: Remote sensing helps track disasters like floods, wildfires, and hurricanes for timely response and damage assessment.
(iii) Urban planning: It provides data on land use changes and urban growth patterns to support city planning and infrastructure development.
(5c)
GPS (Global Positioning System) is a satellite-based navigation system that determines the exact location of an object on the Earth’s surface. It uses signals from multiple satellites to calculate position, direction, speed, and time. GPS is commonly used in navigation devices, mobile phones, mapping, and tracking movement of people or vehicles.
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(6a)
(i) Remote sensing: Remote sensing is the process of acquiring information about an object or area from a distance without making physical contact, often using aerial or satellite sensors. It allows observation of large, inaccessible, or hazardous areas.
(ii) Satellite remote sensing: Satellite remote sensing is a type of remote sensing that specifically uses satellites orbiting the earth to collect data and images of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere. It enables continuous and wide coverage for environmental monitoring and mapping.
(iii) Data input: Data input is the process of entering collected data into a computer system, particularly into a GIS database, for storage, processing, and analysis. It involves digitizing maps, inputting tabular data, or importing remote sensing imagery.
(6b)
(i) Satellite images: Used to collect large-scale information about land use, vegetation, and environmental changes. They cover wide areas and are useful for monitoring changes over time.
(ii) Aerial photographs: Photos taken from aircraft or drones that provide detailed images of smaller areas like farms, towns, or construction sites. They give a clearer view of objects and features than satellite images.
(iii) Existing maps and plans: These include topographic maps, road maps, and survey plans that can be scanned and digitized into GIS. They serve as a reliable reference because they are produced from official surveys.
(iv) Field survey data: Data collected directly on-site using GPS devices, measuring instruments, or observation notes. It gives the most accurate and current information about a location.
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