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INSTRUCTION: ANSWER FOUR(4) QUESTIONS ONLY
(1a)
Values are the guiding principles or standards that influence people’s behavior, judgments, and choices. They represent what individuals or societies consider to be right, good, and desirable, and they shape attitudes and actions in personal and social contexts.
(1b)
(i) Moral Values: These are values concerned with principles of right and wrong. They guide individuals in making ethical decisions and behaving in a manner considered acceptable. Moral values are often shaped by religion, upbringing, and societal norms. They influence how a person treats others and responds to moral dilemmas.
(ii) Social Values: These are the standards and rules that govern interactions and relationships within a society. They emphasize collective well-being and acceptable social behavior. These values promote cooperation and order in communities and are typically upheld through laws, customs, and shared expectations.
(iii) Cultural Values: These are beliefs and practices passed down within a cultural group. They are expressed through customs, traditions, language, and lifestyle. They define how individuals within a culture perceive the world and interact with others and are learned from family, community, and institutions such as schools and religious centers.
(iv) Economic Values: Economic values relate to behaviors and attitudes concerning work, wealth, and resource use. They include concepts like diligence, saving, investment, and material success. These values shape how people approach productivity and financial responsibility and are influenced by economic systems, family teachings, and personal goals.
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(2a)
Responsible parenthood refers to the ability and commitment of parents to provide for the physical, emotional, social, educational, and moral needs of their children. It involves making informed decisions that promote the well-being and development of the family. Responsible parents act as role models and ensure their children grow up to become productive and responsible members of society.
(2b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Provision of Basic Necessities: Responsible parents prioritize providing their children with essential needs such as nutritious food, adequate shelter, suitable clothing, and necessary healthcare to ensure their physical well-being and healthy development. This foundational role ensures that children have the fundamental resources required to grow, learn, and thrive, laying a stable base for their future.
(ii) Ensuring Security and Safety: Parents are responsible for creating a safe and secure environment, protecting their children from physical harm, emotional distress, and dangerous situations. This includes supervising them, teaching them safety precautions, and ensuring they feel protected and loved, fostering a sense of stability and trust crucial for their psychological development.
(iii) Education and Training: Parents play a crucial role in ensuring their children receive formal education and guiding them in acquiring life skills, values, and proper social behavior. This involves monitoring academic progress, fostering a love for learning, and instilling virtues like respect, discipline, honesty, and responsibility, preparing them for productive lives in society.
(iv) Showing Love and Care: Responsible parenting involves consistently expressing love, affection, and emotional support to help children develop confidence, self-esteem, and a strong sense of belonging. This emotional nourishment creates a secure attachment, allowing children to feel valued and understood, which is vital for their emotional intelligence and resilience.
(v) Discipline and Guidance: Parents are tasked with setting clear boundaries, enforcing rules, and providing constructive discipline to teach children right from wrong. This guidance helps children understand consequences, develop self-control, and learn responsible decision-making, which are essential for their social adjustment and character formation.
(vi) Monitoring and Social Development: Parents must actively monitor their children’s activities, friendships, and exposure to various influences to guide them towards positive social interactions. This oversight helps ensure children develop healthy relationships, understand social norms, and avoid negative peer pressure, preparing them to navigate the complexities of social life effectively.
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(3a)
Human trafficking is the illegal act of recruiting, transporting, harboring, or receiving people through force, deception, or coercion for the purpose of exploitation. It often involves the use of threats, fraud, or abuse of power to control victims.
(3b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Strengthen Legal and Policy Frameworks: This involves rigorously enforcing existing anti-trafficking laws and ensuring that perpetrators are prosecuted and punished effectively . It also means establishing and empowering specialized governmental units dedicated to combating trafficking at all levels of government.
(ii) Economic Empowerment and Poverty Reduction: This solution focuses on creating opportunities for vulnerable populations by investing in local economic development initiatives, such as job creation programs, micro-grants, and accessible loans . It also emphasizes providing survivors with vocational training and sustainable livelihood options to prevent re-exploitation.
(iii) Public Awareness and Education: This involves launching comprehensive campaigns to inform the public about the dangers, methods, and signs of human trafficking . Integrating trafficking education into school curricula, religious institutions, and community programs can help individuals, especially young people, identify and avoid risks .
(iv) Community Involvement and Vigilance: This strategy encourages active participation from local communities in identifying and reporting suspicious activities related to trafficking, often through hotlines or community watch groups . Collaborating with traditional leaders, civil society organizations, and religious bodies helps build trust and effectively disseminate information at the grassroots level.
(v) Victim Protection and Rehabilitation: This includes providing safe shelters, counseling services, and legal assistance for individuals who have been rescued from trafficking . Comprehensive rehabilitation programs, including medical and psychological support, are crucial to help victims recover from trauma and prevent them from being re-victimized.
(vi) International and Regional Cooperation: This solution emphasizes strengthening collaboration across borders with neighboring countries and international organizations to facilitate the effective identification, rescue, and safe return of victims . It also involves engaging in joint investigations and sharing intelligence to dismantle transnational trafficking networks.
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(4a)
Democracy is a system of government in which the people have the power to make decisions, either directly or through elected representatives. It is based on the principles of political equality, freedom of expression, and majority rule with respect for minority rights. In a democracy, leaders are chosen through free and fair elections.
(4b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Citizen Participation: Democracy allows individuals to have a voice in shaping their government and future. This includes voting in elections, engaging in public debates, attending town meetings, and participating in peaceful protests. Active citizen groups and civil society organizations support and enhance this participation, making democracy strong.
(ii) Equality: All individuals in a democracy must be treated equally without discrimination based on ethnicity, religion, gender, or sexual orientation. This means equal access to rights, including voting, where every vote holds the same value regardless of a person’s wealth or power. Legal equality and political equality are foundational characteristics of a well-functioning democracy.
(iii) Regular, Free, and Fair Elections: Democracies conduct elections regularly, ensuring they are free from intimidation, corruption, or threats. These elections are open to all eligible citizens, allowing them to freely choose their representatives. The integrity of the electoral process is crucial for the legitimacy of democratic governance.
(iv) Accountability: Government must be accountable to its citizens for its actions, including the laws passed and their implementation. This principle ensures that public funds are used responsibly, with budgets and financial statements made available to the public and parliament. Accountability fosters trust between the government and the governed.
(v) Transparency: Government operations must be open to the public, allowing citizens to understand and provide input on legislative processes before new laws are enacted. Transparency in decision-making and government actions builds public trust and helps prevent corruption, ensuring that governance serves the public interest.
(vi) Rule of Law: This principle asserts that everyone, including government officials, is subject to and accountable under the law. It ensures that laws are applied equally and fairly to all citizens, protecting fundamental rights and liberties typically enshrined in a constitution. The rule of law provides a stable and predictable framework for society, guaranteeing justice and order.
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(5a)
A citizen is a legally recognized member of a country who enjoys full rights and responsibilities under the law of that country. A citizen owes allegiance to the state and, in return, receives protection and privileges.
(5b)
(i) Citizenship by Birth: This applies to individuals born in Nigeria, provided that either of their parents or any of their grandparents is a Nigerian citizen. It also extends to persons born in Nigeria who belong to an indigenous community of Nigeria.
(ii) Citizenship by Descent: This process is for a person born outside Nigeria, where their parents or grandparents are Nigerian citizens. It acknowledges the lineage and familial connection to Nigeria, allowing those with Nigerian heritage born abroad to claim citizenship.
(iii) Citizenship by Registration: This avenue is available to certain specified persons, such as a foreign woman who is legally married to a Nigerian man, provided she has resided in Nigeria for a period of time and is of good character. It also covers individuals of full age born outside Nigeria whose grandparents were Nigerian citizens, subject to fulfilling various legal requirements.
(iv) Citizenship by Naturalization: This is typically granted to a foreigner who has resided in Nigeria for a significant, continuous period, usually at least fifteen years. To qualify, the applicant must also be of good character, show a clear intention to reside permanently in Nigeria, and have been accepted by their local community.
(5c)
(i) A citizen is a full legal member of Nigeria, endowed with comprehensive rights guaranteed by the Constitution, including political rights such as the right to vote and to hold public office, while an alien is a foreign national residing in Nigeria, either temporarily or permanently, but without the full legal rights of a citizen.
(ii) A citizen has political rights and can participate fully in the governance of the country, while an alien generally does not possess political rights and cannot vote in elections or hold elected public offices.
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(6a)
Capitalist democracy is a system of government that combines democratic political principles with a capitalist economic structure. In such a system, the people elect their leaders through free and fair elections, while the economy is driven by private ownership, free markets, and minimal government interference.
(6b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Free Enterprise/Market Economy: The economic system is predominantly based on private ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange, with economic decisions largely driven by market forces of supply and demand. Government intervention in the economy is typically limited to regulating and ensuring fair competition, while allowing private individuals and businesses to participate freely.
(ii) Multiparty System and Political Pluralism: Capitalist democracies operate with two or multiple political parties competing for power. This system allows for a variety of political ideologies and options for citizens to choose from during elections, ensuring competition for political resources.
(iii) Regular, Free, and Fair Elections: Citizens have the right to vote for their representatives and leaders in periodic elections that are free from intimidation, corruption, or undue influence. These elections ensure that political power is derived from the consent of the governed and allow for a regular change of leadership.
(iv) Rule of Law: All individuals and institutions, including the government, are subject to and accountable under the law. This ensures a fair and just society where laws are applied equally, protecting fundamental rights and providing a stable framework for both citizens and economic activities.
(v) Protection of Individual Rights and Freedoms: Capitalist democracies highly value and protect individual rights such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and protection from arbitrary government actions. These rights are considered integral to the functioning of the system, supporting both political participation and economic freedom.
(6c)
(i) It ensures thorough debate and careful review of bills before they become law.
(ii) It provides a check and balance within the legislature, preventing hasty or unfair legislation.
(iii) It allows for better representation, especially in federal systems where one chamber represents the population and the other represents regions or states.
(iv) It prevents dictatorship by diffusing legislative power across two houses.
(v) It accommodates diverse interests, such as minority or regional views.
(vi) It encourages deliberation and compromise between the two chambers, improving the quality of laws passed.
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(7a)
Safety is a condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury. It refers to the state of being secure from harm, damage, or loss, encompassing physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Essentially, safety is the freedom from unacceptable risk.
(7b)
(i) Public Awareness Campaigns: These are planned efforts to teach people about dangers and how to stay safe. They use things like TV, radio, posters, and social media to share messages on fire safety, road safety, crime prevention, or health. The goal is to help people become more careful and ready for emergencies.
(ii) Emergency Services Infrastructure: This means having well-prepared services like the police, fire fighters, and ambulances. These services respond quickly when there are accidents, crimes, or medical problems. They help save lives and reduce damage when bad things happen.
(iii) Strict Building Codes and Regulations: The government sets rules to make sure houses and buildings are strong, safe, and well built. These rules make sure buildings won’t easily collapse or catch fire. They also make sure the right materials are used and that buildings are safe to live or work in.
(iv) Traffic and Road Safety Measures: These are laws and tools used to make roads safe. Examples include speed limits, road signs, seatbelt laws, and traffic lights. They help to reduce accidents and protect both drivers and pedestrians on the road.
(v) Community Policing Initiatives: This is when police officers work closely with people in the community to stop crime and solve safety problems. It helps build trust, makes it easier for people to report crimes, and allows the police to know the needs of the area better.
(7c)
(i) Be alert and report anything strange or suspicious to the police.
(ii) Do not share personal information with strangers or on social media.
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(8a)
Orderliness is the act of being neat, organized, and following rules or instructions. It means doing things in a proper and acceptable way to maintain peace and avoid confusion. Orderliness helps in creating a safe, calm, and well-structured environment in society.
(8b)
(i) Obeying Traffic Rules: People show orderliness by following traffic signs, using pedestrian crossings, and driving responsibly. This helps reduce accidents and keeps the roads safe for everyone. Following traffic rules also contributes to a smoother flow of traffic.
(ii) Queuing in Public Places: Waiting for your turn in a line at banks, bus stops, or shops is a sign of orderliness. It prevents pushing, fights, and ensures fairness in service delivery. Queuing patiently also shows respect for others in the community.
(iii) Proper Waste Disposal: Throwing waste into dustbins and keeping the environment clean shows good order. It prevents pollution and helps keep public places neat and healthy. Proper waste disposal also sets a good example for others to follow.
(iv) Respecting Laws and Authorities: Citizens show orderliness by obeying laws and respecting officials like the police, teachers, and government workers. This promotes peace and smooth running of society. Respecting authorities also fosters a sense of trust and cooperation between citizens and institutions.
(8c)
(i) Standing in a queue
(ii) Following road signs
(iii) Cleaning your surroundings regularly
(iv) Arriving on time for school or appointments
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